Sejarah AwalLangkasuka dan Patani
Dari sudut persejarahan, Negeri Patani memiliki sejarah yang cukup lama, jauh lebih lama daripada sejarah kerajaan-kerajaan Melayu di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu[1]. Patani telah lama wujud sebagai sebuah kerajaan yang agung dan maju dalam pelbagai bidang[2].
1.1.1 Langkasuka dan Patani
Terdapat bukti-bukti yang menunjukkan kerajaan Melayu purba bernama Langkasuka telah diasaskan sekitar kurun pertama masihi.[3] Paul Wheatly turut menyatakan bahawa Langkasuka terletak di Patani sekarang. Pendapat beliau dikuatkan dengan temuan kepingan batu-batu purba peninggalan kerajaan Langkasuka di daerah Jering dan Pujud.[4]
Kerajaan lama ini menguasai satu kawasan yang luas di sekitar Segenting Kra dan di kawasan dimana Patani sekarang berada.[5] Ini dijelaskan dalam sumber-sumber China sekitar abad ke-6 seperti Lang-ya-hsiu yang merekodkan bahawa telah wujud sebuah kerajaan yang telah diasaskan 400 sebelum itu. [6] Turut dinyatakan dari sumber yang sama bahawa kerajaan tersebut merupakan sebuah kerajaan yang makmur dan ramai penduduknya. [7]
Sejarah lama Patani turut merujuk kepada kerajaan Melayu tua berpengaruh Hindu-India bernama Langkasuka ini sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Paul Wheatley[8]. Ini disokong oleh seorang ahli antropologi sosial di Prince of Songkla University di Patani, Seni Madakul bahawa Langkasuka itu terletak di Patani.
Ini ditegaskan juga oleh John Braddle yang menyatakan bahawa kawasan timur Langkasuka meliputi daerah pantai timur Semenanjung, mulai dari Senggora, Patani, Kelantan sampai ke Terengganu, termasuk juga kawasan sebelah utara negeri Kedah.[9]
Kawasan ini telah didatangi pedagang dari Arab, India dan China sejak sebelum masehi lagi[10]. Seorang pengembara China menyebutkan bahawa ketika kedatangannya ke Langkasuka pada tahun 200 masehi, ia mendapati negeri itu telah lama dibuka[11].
Sebelum menjadi negeri Islam, Patani atau Langkasuka waktu itu terkenal sebagai kerajaan Hindu Brahma[12]. Rajanya yang terkenal adalah Bhagadatta yang telah membuat hubungan diplomatik dengan kerajaan China pada tahun 515 M[13]. Ketika kerajaan Sriwijaya berjaya menakluki Nakorn Sri Thamarat (sekarang Ligor di Thailand) pada 775 M dan kemudian mengembangkan kekuasaannya ke selatan (Patani), penduduk Patani mula meninggalkan agama Hindu dan memeluk Buddha[14]. Sebuah berhala Buddha zaman Sriwijaya yang ditemui dalam gua Wad Tham di daerah Yala membuktikan transmisi pertukaran agama dari Hindu ke Buddha[15].
Ketika di bawah pengaruh Sriwijaya inilah Patani mulai menampakkan kemajuan, dengan penduduk yang ramai serta menjadi sebuah kerajaan yang terkenal. Hasil negeri Patani pada waktu itu banyak berasaskan pertanian dan perniagaan. Beberapa pengetahuan bernilai seperti teknik membajak dan berdagang diterima oleh orang Patani dari orang Jawa. Terdapat bukti yang menunjukkan bahawa kerajaan Sriwijaya inilah yang membawa dan mengembangkan bahasa Melayu ke Patani. Nilai ufti yang tinggi yang diberikan pada setiap tahun kepada kerajaan Sriwijaya menunjukkan bahawa Patani ketika itu amat kaya dan makmur.
Abdul Rahman Abdullah berpendapat selepas lenyapnya nama Langkasula, wujud sebuah kerajaan bernama Wurawari yang membawa maksud air jernih. Adalah dipercayai bahawa Raja Bharubhasa dari Langkasuka terpaksa menyerahkan kekuasaannya kepada Siam pada tahun 1345. Baginda telah berundur dan mendirikan kerajaan di Kelantan. Apabila angkatan tentera Gajah Mada berjaya mengalahkan tentera Siam di Temasik pada tahun 1536, baginda mengambil kesempatan untuk menyerang tentera Siam di Langkasuka. Menerusi serangan tersebut, Raja Bharubhasa berjaya merampas semula Kota Mahligai. Menurut rekod, nama Langkasuka ditukar terlebih dahulu kepada Wurawari antara tahun 1357-1398.[16]
Terdapat dua pendapat berkenaan penubuhan Patani. Di dalam buku sejarah negeri Kedah, Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, ada menyebutkan bahawa negeri Langkasuka diasaskan oleh orang-orang dari Kedah[17]. Dalam pada itu, Phonsawadan Muang Patani atau Hikayat Patani menyatakan seorang raja yang tidak diketahu namanya dari Kota Mahligai bertanggungjawab mengasaskan negeri ini.[18]
Ibrahim Syukri turut menyokong versi Kota Mahligai ini. Beliau menyatakan bahawa seorang raja dari Kota Mahligai tersebut telah membangunkan sebuah kampung pinggir pantai yang kecil ke sebuah pelabuhan yang besar dan sibuk hingga mengorbankan kemakmuran kota itu sendiri. Akhirnya, Kota Mahligai telah ditinggalkan kerana aktiviti perdagangan lebih tertumpu kepada pelabuhan yang baru. Kawasan atau pelabuhan baru itulah dikenali dengan nama Patani.[19]
1.1.2 Kedatangan Islam
Terdapat pendapat yang mengatakan Islam telah sampai ke Kepulauan Melayu seawal kurun pertama Hijrah atau kurun ketujuh Masihi lagi.[20] Dalam masa yang sama. tidak diketahui dengan pasti tarikh yang tepat Patani menerima Islam, namun kalau dilihat kebanyakan karya sastera sejarah dan merujuk kepada Teeuw dan Wyatt dan W.K Che Man, dapat disimpulkan bahawa Patani menjadi negeri Islam pada 1357.[21] Kemasukkan Raja Patani ke dalam Islam boleh diibaratkan sebagai sebuah cerita yang menarik seperti yang tertulis dalam buku-buku sejarah. Dikisahkan pada waktu itu Patani diperintah oleh Raja Phya Tu Nakpa. Raja tersebut dikatakan menderita sakit yang serius[22]. Baginda telah mendapat berita berkenaan seorang bernama Sheikh Said yang beragama Islam[23]. Beliau dikatakan mampu menyembuhkan sakitnya. Syeikh Said tersebut sanggup mengubati penyakit Raja Patani dengan syarat jika sembuh dari sakitnya maka Raja harus memeluk Islam[24]. Namun Raja Phya Tu Nakpa telah memungkiri janji setelah baginda sembuh dan menyebabkan baginda kembali sakit. Kejadian ini terulang sebanyak tiga kali. Pada kali ketiga inilah Raja sedar akan kesilapannya dan berjanji tidak akan memungkiri janjinya lagi. Setelah Raja sembuh dari sakitnya, beliau bersama keluarga dan pembesar istana memeluk Islam. Raja Phya Tu Nakpa telah menukar nama Sultan Ismail Shah. Sejak peristiwa itu, Islam mulai berkembang dan pengaruh Hindu-Budha mulai berkurang, lemah dan akhirnya hilang dari Patani[25].
Raja Phya Tu Nakpa atau nama Islamnya Sultan Ismail Shah dianggap pengasas negeri Patani. Beliaulah yang bertanggungjawab menukar nama kerajaan lama menjadi Patani yang bererti ‘Pantai Ini’.[26] Adalah dihikayatkan baginda secara kebetulan sampai ke suatu tempat yang indah dan sesuai untuk dijadikan negeri di tepi pantai. Riwayat lain mengatakan Patani berasal dari kata ‘Pak Tani’, sempena nama seorang nelayan yang baik budi pekertinya dan menjadi ketua kepada para nelayan di sebuah perkampungan pinggir pantai yang ditemui oleh Raja ketika beliau mencari lokasi negeri baru.[27] Ini disokong oleh Dr. Abdul Ghani Yaa’kub yang menyatakan bahawa nama Patani dikatakan lahir hasil gabungan dua perkataan Melayu iaitu ‘Pak’ dan ‘Tani’ atau Petani.[28]
Setelah berpindah ke Patani, Patani menjadi lebih ramai dan oleh karena lokasinya yang baik, tempat baru ini menjadi makmur dan mewah. Patani menjadi tarikan spara pedagang dari timur seperti Jepun, China, Siam dan Eropah[29]. Tercatat pada 1516 kapal dagang Portugis singgah pertama kalinya di pelabuhan Patani. Pinto, seorang saudagar dan penjelajah asal Portugis menyatakan:
"Pada masa saya datang ke Patani dalam tahun itu saya telah berjumpa hampir-hampir 300 orang Portugis yang tinggal di dalam pelabuhan Patani. Selain dari Portugis didapati juga bangsa-bangsa timur seperti Siam, China dan Jepun. Orang-orang Jepun besar juga perniagaannya di pelabuhan ini." [30]
Dalam pendapat yang lain pula, Muhammad Yusoff Hashim menyatakan nama Patani diberi oleh seorang raja bernama Chao Seri Bangsa.[31] Baginda dikatakan berjanji untuk memeluk Islam jika Kota Mahligai berjaya dikalahkan. Apabila perkara tersebut menjadi kenyataan, baginda telah memeluk Islam dan menghantar wakil baginda bernama Ukon Pola ke Melaka untuk memohon tauliah keabsahan.[32] Sultan Mahmud telah berkenan untuk menganugerahkan watikah tersebut serta memberi gelaran pemerintah Patani dengan nama Sultan Ahmad Shah.[33] Kerajaan Patani kekal dinaungi oleh Melaka sehingga kejatuhan Melaka pada tahun 1511.[34]
1.1.3 Hubungan Awal Dengan Siam
Selepas kemangkatan Sultan Ismail Shah, putera baginda telah ditabal menjadi sultan dengan gelaran Sultan Muzaffar Shah. Baginda telah meneruskan kemajuan negerinya dan sering melakukan lawatan ke kerajaan-kerajaan berdekatan seperti Melaka dan Ayutthya. Namun dalam lawatan ke Siam yang dikenali sebagai Ayutthia, baginda telah dilayan dengan buruk oleh Raja Siam[35]. Raja Siam merasakan kedudukannya lebih tinggi darjat daripada Sultan Patani[36].
Sultan Muzaffar merasa amat terhina di atas layanan Raja Siam.Apabila mendapat tahu bahawa kerajaan Siam diserang oleh Burma pada 1563, Sultan Muzaffar Shah bersama adinda baginda Sultan Mansur Shah memanfaatkan kesempatan ini untuk menyerang Siam. Sebanyak 200 buah kapal perang dan ribuan tentera telah dikerah untuk menyerang Siam. Pada awalnya, wilayah-wilayah Siam jatuh ke tangan Sultan Muzaffar pada penghujung tahun tersebut[37].
Walaubagaimanapun, Sultan Muzaffar telah meninggal secara tiba-tiba di muara sungai Chao Phraya pada tahun 1564 dan dimakamkan di sana.[38] Sebelum meninggal dunia, baginda mewasiatkan takhta kekuasaan kepada adindanya, Sultan Mansur Shah. Diriwayatkan bahawa amanat ini dilakukan kerana hingga ke akhir hayatnya Sultan Muzaffar tidak mengetahui bahawa permaisurinya sedang hamil[39]. Sekalipun Sultan Muzaffar mempunyai anak dari selirnya iaitu Pengiran Bambang, namun dalam tradisi pewarisan takhta di kerajaan Melayu tidak mengiktiraf calon raja dari anak selir.[40] Ini membolehkan Sultan Mansur Shah dilantik menjadi Sultan Patani yang baru (1564-1572).
Sebelum meninggal pada tahun 1572, Sultan Mansur Shah telah mewasiatkan agar anak saudaranya yang merupakan anak Sultan Muzaffar Shah dilantik menggantikan baginda[41]. Namun perlantikkan ini menimbulkan kebencian dan kedengkian dari Pengiran Bambang yang merupakan anak raja dari selir. Ahli sejarah mengatakan bahawa peristiwa ini merupakan titik awal perselisihan dan perebutan kekuasaan dalam istana. Tahun 1573-1584 merupakan tahun-tahun penuh gejolak bagi kesultanan Patani. Tercatat perebutan kuasa sebanyak dua kali yang mengakibatkan pembunuhan yang semuanya melibatkan anak-anak selir[42]. Tempoh ini digelar “Zaman Bertumpah Darah Dalam Istana[43].”
1.2 Kegemilangan dan Kemerosotan Kerajaan Melayu Patani
Patani mencapai zaman keemasannya ketika diperintah oleh empat orang Ratu iaitu Ratu Hijau (1584-1616), Ratu Biru (1616-1624), Ratu Ungu (1624-1635) dan Ratu Kuning (1635-1651)[44].
Pemerintahan ratu-ratu merupakan detik-detik kegemilangan dan kemakmuran kerajaan itu[45]. Kekuasaannya meluas hingga ke Kelantan dan Terengganu sehingga terkenal dengan nama Negeri Patani Besar atau Patani Raya. Kecuali Kerajaan Melayu Johor, tidak ada negeri lain di sebelah timur Semenanjung Melayu yang memiliki kemakmuran dan kekuatan sehebat Patani pada waktu itu[46].
Kekuatan negeri Patani tergambar dari kemampuannya mematahkan empat kali serangan kerajaan Siam pada 1603, 1632, 1634 dan 1638.[47] Patani memiliki 3 buah meriam besar yang sangat masyhur dinamakan Seri Negara, Seri Patani dan Mahalela. Dari segi ketenteraan, kerajaan ini mampu mengerahkan 180,000 pasukan tentera yang terlatih serta kerahan tenaga seramai 10,000 orang[48]. Ini diperkuatkan lagi dengan sebuah kubu yang kukuh dikenali dengan nama Benteng Raja Biru[49].
Walaubagaimanapun, kejayaan ini hanya bertahan selama 67 tahun. Kemangkatan Ratu Kuning pada tahun 1651, Patani mengalami proses kemerosotan secara politik, ketenteraan dan ekonomi. Ini disebabkan Ratu Kuning tidak meninggalkan pengganti yang berwibawa. Berlaku konflik antara pembesar dan menyebabkan keadaan negeri menjadi huru-hara[50]. Situasi ini menyebabkan para pedagang asing memindahkan perniagaan mereka dan menyebabkan hasil kerajaan berkurangan[51].
Patani hanya menampakkan kemajuan ketika dipimpin oleh Raja Sakti I dan Raja Bahar yang mampu menyatukan Senggora (Songkla) dan Pethalung. Namun, pada akhir abad ke-17 ini Patani mulai kehilangan era keemasannya. Ketiadaan peperangan dengan Siam yang merupakan musuh tradisi bersama, menyebabkan wilayah-wilayah gabungan yang membentuk Patani Besar ini mula memisahkan diri.[52] Perang yang terakhir yang melibatkan Patani - Siam terjadi pada 1638. Sejak dari itu, tiada konflik ketenteraan yang ketara melibatkan kedua-dua kuasa di bahagian selatan.
Kekuatan politik dan daya tarik pelabuhannya sebagai pusat dagang utama juga semakin merosot, seiring dengan kemunculan pusat-pusat perdagangan baru seperti Johor, Melaka, Aceh, Banten dan Batavia (Jakarta)[53].
Sebagai negara perairan, ekonomi Patani sangat bergantung pada perniagaan dan perdagangan. Kemerosotannya pada bidang ini telah menyebabkan ekonomi Patani jatuh. Boleh dikatakan sejak awal abad ke-18, pelabuhan Patani hanya menjadi tempat persinggahan sahaja. Justeru itu, ia tidak lagi dianggap pusat perdagangan dan perniagaan yang penting. Ini ditambah dengan faktor ketidakstabilan politik, perpecahan wilayah dan krisis pucuk pimpinan, maka lengkaplah Patani menjadi "Orang Sakit di Semenanjung Melayu".
Lebih malang lagi ketika Patani merosot , Siam di bawah pimpinan Phya Taksin mula bangkit dan berhasil mengusir Burma dari seluruh wilayah Thai[54]. Keinginan untuk mendapatkan pengiktirafan kekuasaan menyebabkan orang-orang Thai melancarkan pelbagai ekspedisi ketenteraan[55]. Kelemahan kerajaan Patani menyebabkan orang Thai mengambil kesempatan ini untuk menyerang dan menakluk Patani pada tahun 1785[56]. Serangan hebat Thai ini berjaya mengalahkan Patani dimana Sultan Mahmud yang memerintah ketika itu mangkat di medan perang[57]. Akibatnya, orang Thai telah melantik Tengku Lamidin sebagai pemerintah Patani yang baru[58].
Tempoh 46 tahun selepas itu menyaksikan orang-orang Patani terpaksa mempertahankan wilayah mereka dari serangan Siam sebanyak lima kali iaitu 1786, 1789, 1791, 1808 dan 1832. Dalam peperangan ini , tentera Siam telah berjaya membakar kota Patani dan memusnahkan kubu-kubu pertahanan tentera Patani yang utama. Tentera Thai telah membawa pulang hampir 4,000 tawanan ke Bangkok dan Ayuthaya[59]. Dua buah meriam besar Patani iaitu Sri Negara dan Sri Patani turut dirampas dan dibawa balik ke sana[60].
Tahanan-tahanan ini dilayan dengan kejam. Mereka dikatakan diikat secara berkumpulan di telinga dan kaki mereka dengan rotan bagi mengelakkan mereka melarikan diri. Dengan berkaki ayam, para tahanan telah dipaksa berjalan kaki sejauh 1,300 km dari Patani ke Bangkok dalam keadaan telinga dan kaki mereka terikat. Apabila sampai di Bangkok, mereka telah dijadikan sebagai hamba untuk menggali terusan-terusan di Bangkok dengan hanya menggunakan tangan-tangan mereka sahaja. Terusan-terusan ini dikenali dengan nama Klong Saen Saeb[61].
Raja-raja Patani dalam keempat-empat peperangan tersebut telah dibunuh oleh tentera-tentera Thai. Satu impak ketara peperangan pada tahun 1786 adalah apabila orang-orang Melayu Patani telah melarikan diri ke negara-negara luar terutama Makkah, negeri-negeri Melayu di Semenanjung dan Pulau Sumatra. Imigrasi ini begitu ketara setiap kali orang-orang Thai melancarkan serangan terutama semasa pemerintahan Tengku Lamidin (1786-1791) dan pemerintah yang dilantik selepas beliau , Datok Pengkalan (1791-1808).
Selepas peperangan antara 1786-1832, Patani ini telah dibahagikan kepada tujuh wilayah yang diperintah oleh sultan-sultan yang berasingan. Tujuh wilayah pentadbiran itu dinamakan Pattani, Nhongchik, Raman, Ra-ngae, Saiburi, Yala dan Yaring. Tempoh 70 tahun ini (1832-1902) menyaksikan sultan-sultan dikehendaki membayar Bunga Emas setiap tiga tahun kepada Raja Thai sebagai tanda kekuasaan Raja Thai[62].
1.2.1 Berakhirnya Kerajaan Melayu Patani
Mulai tahun 1902, Patani berada sepenuhnya dalam cengkaman orang Thai. Apabila Perjanjian Bangkok antara Thai dan Inggeris ditandatangani pada bulan Mac 1909, Patani diserap menjadi wilayah Thai secara rasmi.
Kerajaan Thai telah membahagikan Patani kepada tujuh wilayah pentadbiran yang diperintah oleh pemerintah yang dilantik oleh kerajaan Thai di Bangkok. Walaubagaimanapun, wilayah-wilayah ini secara dasarnya masih dikuasai oleh para pembesar elit tradisonal Melayu yang mempunyai kuasa autonomi[63]. Dalam erti kata lain, raja-raja masih mengekalkan autoriti dalam wilayah yang lebih kecil.
Pada tahun 1899, Raja Chulalongkorn memulakan satu reformasi pentadbiran wilayah melalui Kementerian Dalam Negeri atau Mahatthai. Konsep pemusatan kuasa pusat yang dikenali dengan nama Thesaphiban diperkenalkan[64]. Perubahan yang paling mengejutkan di wilayah selatan adalah apabila pesuruhjaya yang dilantik telah mengambil alih kekuasaan dari raja-raja Melayu. Isu ini tertumpu kepada kutipan hasil cukai yang menjadi sumber utama pendapatan raja-raja Melayu. Ini menimbulkan konflik yang serius antara kedua belah pihak. Desakan dan aduan raja-raja Me;layu tidak dipedulikan oleh kerajaan Thai di Bangkok. Tambah mengeruhkan keadaan, lebih rami pegawai berbangsa Thai di hantar ke selatan hingga menimbulkan masalah kepada golonga elit Melayu Patani[65].
Pada tahun 1898, Raja Pattani Tengku Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin telah membuat aduan kepada kerajaan British di Singapura berkenaan dengan layanan Siam terhadap rakyat baginda[66]. Walaupun pada mulanya ada tanda-tanda menunjukkan Inggeris akan campurtangan, kepentingan perdagangan dan politik menyebabkan tiada tindakan yang sewajarnya dilaksanakan[67].
Perjanjian Bangkok 1909 telah mengukuhkan lagi kuasa orang-orang Thai di selatan. Kerajaan Thai telah meletakkan kawasan dominasi orang Melayu di dalam pentadbiran wilayah. Para birokrat Thai mula menggantikan pembesar-pembesar Melayu sebagai gabenor wilayah secara berperingkat berlandaskan sistem politik Thai.
Menerusi sistem pentadbiran baru, golongan elit Melayu tidak dibenarkan untuk melibatkan diri dalam politik. Dari segi teori, satu-satunya cara untuk melibatkan dalam politik adalah menerusi perkhidmatan awam atau bertanding dalam pilihanraya. Namun, peluang untuk orang Melayu amat terhad dan terbatas. Ini disebabkan oleh latarbelakang pendidikan orang Melayu yang tidak mempunyai asas dalam sistem pendidikan Thai yang merupakan syarat utama.
1.3 Latarbelakang Masyarakat Melayu Patani
Seperti yang telah dibincangkan, Masyarakat Melayu Patani tertumpu di empat wilayah paling selatan. Walaupun secara rasmi mereka merupakan warganegara Thai berbangsa Melayu, mereka lebih dikenali sebagai Muslim Thai[68]. Pada masa lampau, mereka diistilahkan sebagai ‘Malayu’ atau ‘Khaek Malayu’ oleh kerajaan Thai[69].
Dari segi penggunaan bahasa, kebanyakkan mereka boleh berbahasa Thai. Namun, sebahagian besar masih mengekal dan bertutur dalam dialek Melayu tempatan dengan sebilangan kecil bertutur bahasa Thai sepenuhnya. Hanya orang Melayu di wilayah Satul sahaja yang bertutur dalam bahasa Thai sepenuhnya. Oleh kerana pengajian mereka berlandaskan bahasa Melayu dan tulisan jawi, ini menyebabkan mereka membaca, menulis dan bercakap dalam bahasa Melayu[70]. Bahasa Melayu ini memainkan peranan yang amat besar dalam kehidupan mereka. Ini disebabkan pertailian yang begitu ketara antara bahasa Melayu dan Islam.
Seperti di Malaysia, menjadi Melayu bererti beragama Islam. Ia bukan sahaja bersifat etnik, malah merangkumi aspek politik, sosial dan ekonomi. Ini terbukti dengan sistem pendidikan berasaskan pondok dan madrasah yang begitu ketara di empat wilayah-wilayah selatan tersebut.
1.5.1 Ekonomi
Penguasaan sepenuhnya kerajaan Thai ke atas wilayah-wilayah dominiasi Melayu telah membawa satu impak yang negatif dari segi ekonomi. Struktur ekonomi telah dikuasai oleh kapitalis cina dan birokrat bangsa Thai[71]. Para peniaga cina ini menguasai bidang peladangan dan perdagangan hingga menyukarkan penduduk tempatan untuk bersaing dalam perniagaan[72].
Walaupun ada yang terlibat dalam perniagaan kecil, kebanyakkan orang Melayu Patani bekerja sendiri sebagai petani, pekebun getah dan nelayan[73]. Wilayah-wilayah selatan Thai kaya dengan sumber-sumber semulajadi yang memungkinkan penduduk-penduduk menanam tanaman tempatan seperti getah, kelapa dan buah-buahan tropika. Pantai yang berteluk juga membekalkan ikan-ikan yang banyak kepada para nelayan. Walaubagaimanapun, pertanian dan perikanan merupakan pekerjaan bermusim. Ini ditambah dengan ancaman dan saingan dari aktiviti perikanan berskala besar yang semakin berkembang[74].
Kajian terbaru mendapati wilayah-wilayah ini juga kaya dengan hasil-hasil galian seperti bijih timah, emas dan gas asli. Namun, jika diukur dari segi ekonomi wilayah ini masih mundur jika dibandingkan dengan wilayah-wilayah lain di Thailand[75].
1.5.2 Keagamaan
Dari sudut yang lain, pimpinan keagaamaan turut memainkan peranan yang amat besar dalam masyarakat. Golongan elit agama mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat terutama dalam menjadi orang tengah antara masyarakat dan kerajaan. Mereka amat dihormati dan diterima sebagai pemimpin masyarakat[76].
Selasa, 28 September 2010
BUDAYA ANTARABANGSA
Kelantan merupakan negeri yang berjiran dengan wilayah-wilayah selatan Thailand yang dikenali dahulu sebagai Negeri Patani Darul Salam. Dari segi sejarahnya, Kelantan mempunyai hubungan sejarah yang sangat akrab dengan Kesultanan Melayu Patani yang didokongi oleh Kesultanan Melayu Islam. Di mana Kesultanan Melayu Kelantan mempunyai pertalian darah dengan Kesultanan Melayu Patani dan juga Kesultanan Melayu Negeri Champa. Setelah Kesultanan Melayu Patani dikhianati oleh Siam dan British maka ia telah demonisasi oleh Thailand. Negeri Patani telah dipecahkan kepada wilayah-wilayah kecil yang terdiri dari Yala(Jala), Narathiwat(Menara), Patani dan Songkla(Senggora).
Di bawah perjanjian British-siam pada tahun 1948 demografi pemerintahan selatan Siam telah dipisahkan. Kelantan di bawah Malaysia manakala negeri-negeri Patani di bawah Thailand. Oleh yang demikian Kelantan mempunyai budaya yang unik yang sangat berkait rapat dengan budaya Negeri Patani. Asimilasi antara budaya Melayu, Siam dan Islam menghasilkan permainan rakyat seperti Dikir Barat, Main Puteri, Mak Yong dan seumpamanya. Mak Yong dipengaruhi oleh budaya Siam (Thailand), sementara Dikir Barat pula mempunyai unsur-unsur Islam. Main Puteri pula dikatakan diresapi oleh budaya Hindu. Kelantan juga kaya dengan makanan tradisional dan berlainan dengan makanan Melayu di negeri lain. Di antara makanan tradisional Kelantan yang berkhasiat dikenali sebagai budu.
Di bawah perjanjian British-siam pada tahun 1948 demografi pemerintahan selatan Siam telah dipisahkan. Kelantan di bawah Malaysia manakala negeri-negeri Patani di bawah Thailand. Oleh yang demikian Kelantan mempunyai budaya yang unik yang sangat berkait rapat dengan budaya Negeri Patani. Asimilasi antara budaya Melayu, Siam dan Islam menghasilkan permainan rakyat seperti Dikir Barat, Main Puteri, Mak Yong dan seumpamanya. Mak Yong dipengaruhi oleh budaya Siam (Thailand), sementara Dikir Barat pula mempunyai unsur-unsur Islam. Main Puteri pula dikatakan diresapi oleh budaya Hindu. Kelantan juga kaya dengan makanan tradisional dan berlainan dengan makanan Melayu di negeri lain. Di antara makanan tradisional Kelantan yang berkhasiat dikenali sebagai budu.
THERAVADA
Theravada (Pāli: थेरवाद theravāda; Sansekerta: स्थविरवाद sthaviravāda); secara harafiah berarti, "Ajaran Sesepuh" atau "Pengajaran Dahulu", merupakan mazhab tertua Agama Buddha yang masih bertahan. Ditemukan di India. Theravada merupakan ajaran yang konservatif, dan secara menyeluruh merupakan ajaran terdekat dengan Agama Buddha pada awalnya,[1] dan selama berabad-abad menjadi kepercayaan yang berkuasa di Sri Lanka (sekitar 70% dari penduduk [2]) dan sebagian besar benua di Asia Tenggara (Kambodia), (Laos), (Myanmar), (Thailand). Mazhab Theravada juga dijalankan oleh sebagian minoritas dari Barat Daya Cina oleh etnik Shan dan Tai), Vietnam (oleh Khmer Krom), Bangladesh (oleh etnik group dari Barua, Chakma, dan Magh), Malaysia dan Indonesia, dan yang belakangan ini mendapatkan lebih banyak popularitas di Singapura dan Negara Barat. Sekarang ini, mazhab Theravada dari Agama Buddha mencapai lebih dari 100 juta pengikut di seluruh dunia, dan dalam dekade terakhir ini mazhab Theravada telah menanamkan akarnya di Negara Barat dan di India.[3]
Daftar isi[sembunyikan]
1 Prinsip Dasar Theravada
1.1 Empat Kebenaran Mulia
1.2 Tiga Corak Umum
1.3 Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan
2 Empat Tingkat Pencerahan
3 Referensi
4 Lihat pula
5 Pranala luar
//
[sunting] Prinsip Dasar Theravada
[sunting] Empat Kebenaran Mulia
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Empat Kebenaran Mulia
Garis Besar Empat Kebenaran Mulia adalah sebagai berikut:
Dukkha; Duka atau Penderitaan
Dukkha Samudaya; Sebab Penderitaan
Dukkha Nirodha; Berakhirnya Penderitaan
Dukkha Nirodha Gamini Patipada; Cara Menghentikan Penderitaan
[sunting] Tiga Corak Umum
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Tilakkhana
1. Ketidak-kekalan adalah satu dari Tiga Corak Kehidupan. Istilah ini menggambarkan pendapat Agama Buddha bahwa segala hal atau gejala yang berkondisi (materi atau pengalaman) adalah tidak tetap, senantiasa berubah dan tidak kekal. Segala sesuatu yang kita alami melalui indera kita terbentuk dari bagian-bagian, yang keberadaannya terbentuk dari kondisi-kondisi luar. Segala sesuatu berubah senantiasa, demikian juga dengan kondisi dan hal itu sendiri berubah tanpa henti. Segala hal berubah menjadi sesuatu, dan berhenti. Tidak ada yang abadi.
2. Derita, walaupun dukkha seringkali diterjemahkan sebagai "penderitaan", arti filosofisnya lebih menyerupai "kegelisahan", selayaknya berada dalam keadaan terganggu. Dengan demikian, "penderitaan" merupakan artian yang terlalu sempit untuk "konotasi emosional yang negatif" (Jeffrey Po), [4] yang dapat memberikan kesan akan pandangan Buddhis yang kurang yakin, tetapi Agama Buddha bukanlah mengenai keyakinan atau ketidak-yakinan, tetapi kenyataan. Dengan demikian, banyak dari naskah atau tulisan-tulisan Agama Buddha, kata Dukkha dibiarkan demikian adanya, tanpa pemberian arti, guna memberikan arti yang lebih luas.
3. Tanpa Inti; dalam filosofi India, pengertian akan diri disebut ātman (yang lebih mengarah kepada, "Jiwa" atau diri-metafisik), yang merujuk pada keadaan yang tidak berubah, bersifat tetap lewat pemahaman akan keberadaan. Agama Buddha tidak menerima pemahaman akan ātman, pada penekanan ketidak kekalan, tetapi kemampuan untuk berubah. Oleh karena itu, seluruh pemahaman akan diri secara keseluruhan adalah tidak benar dan terbentuk di alam ketidak-tahuan.
[sunting] Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan
Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan seringkali dibagi menjadi tiga bagian:
Kebijaksanaan (Pali:Pañña ; Sansekerta:prajñā)
Pengertian Benar (sammä-ditthi)
Pikiran Benar (sammä-sankappa)
Kemoralan (Pali: Sīla)
Ucapan Benar (sammä-väcä)
Perbuatan Benar (sammä-kammanta)
Pencaharian Benar (sammä-ajiva)
Konsentrasi (Pali: Samädhi)
Daya-upaya Benar (sammä-väyäma)
Perhatian Benar (sammä-sati)
Konsentrasi Benar (sammä-samädhi)
[sunting] Empat Tingkat Pencerahan
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Empat tingkat pencerahan
Melalui pelatihan dan pembelajaran, pengikut mazhab Theravada dapat mencapai salah satu dari empat tingkat pencerahan:
Pemasuk Arus - Mereka yang telah mematahkan ketiga belenggu (Pandangan salah tentang Aku, Keraguan, kemelekatan terhadap peraturan dan ritual) tidak akan terlahirkan kembali ke dalam keadaan atau kelahiran (sebagai binatan, preta, atau di neraka). Ia hanya dapat dilharikan sebagai manusia atau di surga. Mereka paling tidak akan dilahirkan sebanyak tujuh kali sebelum mencapai pencerahan.
Kembali Sekali - Mereka yang telah melenyapkan ketiga belenggu utama dan melemahkan belenggu akan nafsu indria dan dendam atau dengki, akan kembali ke alam manusia satu kali lagi sebelum mencapai Nirwana dalam kehidupan tersebut.
Tidak Kembali - Mereka yang telah melenyapkan kelima belenggu, yang mengikat mahluk hidup pada alam perasaan. Seorang "Tidak-Kembali" (Anagami) tidak akan kembali kedalam alam manusia setelah meninggal dunia, mereka akan terlahirkan kembali di alam yang lebih tinggi guna mencapai Nirwana.
Arahat - Mereka yang telah mencapai Pencerahan, mengalami Nirwana, dan telah mencapai keadaaan akan tanpa kematian, terbebas dari segala bentuk kekotoran batin yang tersisa. Kebodohan, kegemaran dan keterikatan mereka tidak ada lagi. Mencapai tinkat Arahat digambarkan pada naskah terdahulu sebagai tujuan kehidupan biara.
[sunting]
Daftar isi[sembunyikan]
1 Prinsip Dasar Theravada
1.1 Empat Kebenaran Mulia
1.2 Tiga Corak Umum
1.3 Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan
2 Empat Tingkat Pencerahan
3 Referensi
4 Lihat pula
5 Pranala luar
//
[sunting] Prinsip Dasar Theravada
[sunting] Empat Kebenaran Mulia
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Empat Kebenaran Mulia
Garis Besar Empat Kebenaran Mulia adalah sebagai berikut:
Dukkha; Duka atau Penderitaan
Dukkha Samudaya; Sebab Penderitaan
Dukkha Nirodha; Berakhirnya Penderitaan
Dukkha Nirodha Gamini Patipada; Cara Menghentikan Penderitaan
[sunting] Tiga Corak Umum
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Tilakkhana
1. Ketidak-kekalan adalah satu dari Tiga Corak Kehidupan. Istilah ini menggambarkan pendapat Agama Buddha bahwa segala hal atau gejala yang berkondisi (materi atau pengalaman) adalah tidak tetap, senantiasa berubah dan tidak kekal. Segala sesuatu yang kita alami melalui indera kita terbentuk dari bagian-bagian, yang keberadaannya terbentuk dari kondisi-kondisi luar. Segala sesuatu berubah senantiasa, demikian juga dengan kondisi dan hal itu sendiri berubah tanpa henti. Segala hal berubah menjadi sesuatu, dan berhenti. Tidak ada yang abadi.
2. Derita, walaupun dukkha seringkali diterjemahkan sebagai "penderitaan", arti filosofisnya lebih menyerupai "kegelisahan", selayaknya berada dalam keadaan terganggu. Dengan demikian, "penderitaan" merupakan artian yang terlalu sempit untuk "konotasi emosional yang negatif" (Jeffrey Po), [4] yang dapat memberikan kesan akan pandangan Buddhis yang kurang yakin, tetapi Agama Buddha bukanlah mengenai keyakinan atau ketidak-yakinan, tetapi kenyataan. Dengan demikian, banyak dari naskah atau tulisan-tulisan Agama Buddha, kata Dukkha dibiarkan demikian adanya, tanpa pemberian arti, guna memberikan arti yang lebih luas.
3. Tanpa Inti; dalam filosofi India, pengertian akan diri disebut ātman (yang lebih mengarah kepada, "Jiwa" atau diri-metafisik), yang merujuk pada keadaan yang tidak berubah, bersifat tetap lewat pemahaman akan keberadaan. Agama Buddha tidak menerima pemahaman akan ātman, pada penekanan ketidak kekalan, tetapi kemampuan untuk berubah. Oleh karena itu, seluruh pemahaman akan diri secara keseluruhan adalah tidak benar dan terbentuk di alam ketidak-tahuan.
[sunting] Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan
Jalan Utama Berunsur Delapan seringkali dibagi menjadi tiga bagian:
Kebijaksanaan (Pali:Pañña ; Sansekerta:prajñā)
Pengertian Benar (sammä-ditthi)
Pikiran Benar (sammä-sankappa)
Kemoralan (Pali: Sīla)
Ucapan Benar (sammä-väcä)
Perbuatan Benar (sammä-kammanta)
Pencaharian Benar (sammä-ajiva)
Konsentrasi (Pali: Samädhi)
Daya-upaya Benar (sammä-väyäma)
Perhatian Benar (sammä-sati)
Konsentrasi Benar (sammä-samädhi)
[sunting] Empat Tingkat Pencerahan
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Empat tingkat pencerahan
Melalui pelatihan dan pembelajaran, pengikut mazhab Theravada dapat mencapai salah satu dari empat tingkat pencerahan:
Pemasuk Arus - Mereka yang telah mematahkan ketiga belenggu (Pandangan salah tentang Aku, Keraguan, kemelekatan terhadap peraturan dan ritual) tidak akan terlahirkan kembali ke dalam keadaan atau kelahiran (sebagai binatan, preta, atau di neraka). Ia hanya dapat dilharikan sebagai manusia atau di surga. Mereka paling tidak akan dilahirkan sebanyak tujuh kali sebelum mencapai pencerahan.
Kembali Sekali - Mereka yang telah melenyapkan ketiga belenggu utama dan melemahkan belenggu akan nafsu indria dan dendam atau dengki, akan kembali ke alam manusia satu kali lagi sebelum mencapai Nirwana dalam kehidupan tersebut.
Tidak Kembali - Mereka yang telah melenyapkan kelima belenggu, yang mengikat mahluk hidup pada alam perasaan. Seorang "Tidak-Kembali" (Anagami) tidak akan kembali kedalam alam manusia setelah meninggal dunia, mereka akan terlahirkan kembali di alam yang lebih tinggi guna mencapai Nirwana.
Arahat - Mereka yang telah mencapai Pencerahan, mengalami Nirwana, dan telah mencapai keadaaan akan tanpa kematian, terbebas dari segala bentuk kekotoran batin yang tersisa. Kebodohan, kegemaran dan keterikatan mereka tidak ada lagi. Mencapai tinkat Arahat digambarkan pada naskah terdahulu sebagai tujuan kehidupan biara.
[sunting]
PORTAL AGAMA BUDDHA.
Agama Buddha lahir di negara India lebih tepatnya lagi di wilayah Nepal sekarang sebagai reaksi terhadap agama Brahmanisme. Pencetusnya ialah Siddhartha Gautama yang dikenal sebagai Gautama Buddha oleh pengikut-pengikutnya. Ajaran Buddha sampai ke negara Tiongkok pada tahun 399 Masehi. oleh seorang bhiksu bernama Fa Hsien. Masyarakat Tiongkok mendapat pengaruhnya dari Tibet disesuaikan dengan tuntutan dan nilai lokal.
Setiap aliran Buddha berpegang kepada Tripitaka sebagai rujukan utama karena dalamnya tercatat sabda dan ajaran sang hyang Buddha Gautama. Pengikut-pengikutnya kemudian mencatat dan mengklasifikasikan ajarannya dalam 3 buku yaitu Sutta Piṭaka (kotbah-kotbah Sang Buddha), Vinaya Piṭaka (peraturan atau tata tertib para bhikkhu) dan Abhidhamma Piṭaka (ajaran hukum metafisika dan psikologi). (Selengkapnya...)
Buddha
Buddha Gautama
Pancasila
Sejarah
Tipitaka
Artikel Pilihan
Sejarah agama Buddha mulai dari abad ke-6 SM sampai sekarang dari lahirnya sang Buddha Siddharta Gautama. Dengan ini, ini adalah salah satu agama tertua yang masih dianut di dunia. Selama masa ini, agama ini sementara berkembang, unsur kebudayaan India, ditambah dengan unsur-unsur kebudayaan Helenistik (Yunani), Asia Tengah, Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara. Dalam proses perkembangannya ini, agama ini praktis telah menyentuh hampir seluruh benua Asia. Sejarah agama Buddha juga ditandai dengan perkembangan banyak aliran dan mazhab, serta perpecahan-perpecahan. Yang utama di antaranya adalah aliran tradisi Theravada, Mahayana, dan Vajrayana (Bajrayana), yang sejarahnya ditandai dengan masa pasang dan surut. Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Gambar Pilihan
Candi Mendut
Candi Mendut adalah sebuah candi berlatar belakang agama Buddha. Candi ini terletak di desa Mendut, kecamatan Mungkid, Kabupaten Magelang, Jawa Tengah, beberapa kilometer dari candi Borobudur. Candi ini didirikan oleh dinasti Syailendra. Di dalam prasasti Karangtengah yang bertarikh 824 Masehi, disebutkan bahwa raja Indra telah membangun bangunan suci bernama veluvana yang artinya adalah hutan bambu.
Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Lokasi Pilihan
Peta Thailand
Kerajaan Thailand (bahasa Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย Ratcha Anachak Thai; juga Prathēt Thai), kadangkala juga disebut Mueang Thai, adalah sebuah negara di Asia Tenggara yang berbatasan dengan Laos dan Kamboja di timur, Malaysia dan Teluk Siam di selatan, dan Myanmar dan Laut Andaman di barat. Sekitar 95% penduduk Thailand adalah pemeluk agama Buddha aliran Theravada Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Hari Besar
Hari Waisaka atau Waisak merupakan hari suci agama Buddha. Hari Waisak juga dikenal dengan nama Visakah Puja atau Buddha Purnima di India, Vesak di Malaysia dan Singapura, Visakha Bucha di Thailand, dan Vesak di Sri Lanka.
Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Tokoh
sunting
Portal:Agama Buddha/Tokoh
Berita Buddha
Mei 2007
4 - Sebuah lukisan dinding Buddhis sepanjang 7 meter dari abad ke-14 ditemukan di sebuah gua di Nepal utara ketika seorang gembala beristirahat di sana. Gua itu diduga telah digunakan untuk maksud-maksud keagamaan. (AP)
April 2007
Thailand
17 - Ratusan biarawan di Bangkok menuntut agar agama Buddha dijadikan agama negara. Usul ini pernah ditolak pada 1997 karena dianggap akan memecah negara. (AP)
Telah wafat • Arsip Berita Buddha • [sunting]
Tokoh Buddhis
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha dilahirkan dengan nama Siddhārtha Gautama (Sansekerta: Siddhattha Gotama; Pali: "keturunan Gotama yang tujuannya tercapai"), dia kemudian menjadi sang Buddha (secara harafiah: orang yang telah mencapai Penerangan Sempurna). Dia juga dikenal sebagai Shakyamuni atau Sakyamuni ('orang bijak dari kaum Sakya') dan sebagai sang Tathagata.
...terdahulu
Selengkapnya...
Tahukah Anda...
bahwa penganut Agama Buddha tidak menganggap Siddhartha Gautama sebagai Buddha pertama atau terakhir ?
bahwa Agama Buddha tidak menganggap Siddhartha Gautama sebagai Tuhan ?
bahwa Buddha berarti Mereka yang sadar, yang mencapai pencerahan sejati ?
bahwa Ayah Siddharta Gautama adalah seorang raja ?
bahwa siapa saja bisa menjadi seorang Buddha ?
bahwa Buddha terbagi menjadi tiga kategori (Samma Sambuddha, Pacceka Buddha dan Savaka Buddha) ?
[sunting]
Setiap aliran Buddha berpegang kepada Tripitaka sebagai rujukan utama karena dalamnya tercatat sabda dan ajaran sang hyang Buddha Gautama. Pengikut-pengikutnya kemudian mencatat dan mengklasifikasikan ajarannya dalam 3 buku yaitu Sutta Piṭaka (kotbah-kotbah Sang Buddha), Vinaya Piṭaka (peraturan atau tata tertib para bhikkhu) dan Abhidhamma Piṭaka (ajaran hukum metafisika dan psikologi). (Selengkapnya...)
Buddha
Buddha Gautama
Pancasila
Sejarah
Tipitaka
Artikel Pilihan
Sejarah agama Buddha mulai dari abad ke-6 SM sampai sekarang dari lahirnya sang Buddha Siddharta Gautama. Dengan ini, ini adalah salah satu agama tertua yang masih dianut di dunia. Selama masa ini, agama ini sementara berkembang, unsur kebudayaan India, ditambah dengan unsur-unsur kebudayaan Helenistik (Yunani), Asia Tengah, Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara. Dalam proses perkembangannya ini, agama ini praktis telah menyentuh hampir seluruh benua Asia. Sejarah agama Buddha juga ditandai dengan perkembangan banyak aliran dan mazhab, serta perpecahan-perpecahan. Yang utama di antaranya adalah aliran tradisi Theravada, Mahayana, dan Vajrayana (Bajrayana), yang sejarahnya ditandai dengan masa pasang dan surut. Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Gambar Pilihan
Candi Mendut
Candi Mendut adalah sebuah candi berlatar belakang agama Buddha. Candi ini terletak di desa Mendut, kecamatan Mungkid, Kabupaten Magelang, Jawa Tengah, beberapa kilometer dari candi Borobudur. Candi ini didirikan oleh dinasti Syailendra. Di dalam prasasti Karangtengah yang bertarikh 824 Masehi, disebutkan bahwa raja Indra telah membangun bangunan suci bernama veluvana yang artinya adalah hutan bambu.
Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Lokasi Pilihan
Peta Thailand
Kerajaan Thailand (bahasa Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย Ratcha Anachak Thai; juga Prathēt Thai), kadangkala juga disebut Mueang Thai, adalah sebuah negara di Asia Tenggara yang berbatasan dengan Laos dan Kamboja di timur, Malaysia dan Teluk Siam di selatan, dan Myanmar dan Laut Andaman di barat. Sekitar 95% penduduk Thailand adalah pemeluk agama Buddha aliran Theravada Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Hari Besar
Hari Waisaka atau Waisak merupakan hari suci agama Buddha. Hari Waisak juga dikenal dengan nama Visakah Puja atau Buddha Purnima di India, Vesak di Malaysia dan Singapura, Visakha Bucha di Thailand, dan Vesak di Sri Lanka.
Selengkapnya... [sunting]
Tokoh
sunting
Portal:Agama Buddha/Tokoh
Berita Buddha
Mei 2007
4 - Sebuah lukisan dinding Buddhis sepanjang 7 meter dari abad ke-14 ditemukan di sebuah gua di Nepal utara ketika seorang gembala beristirahat di sana. Gua itu diduga telah digunakan untuk maksud-maksud keagamaan. (AP)
April 2007
Thailand
17 - Ratusan biarawan di Bangkok menuntut agar agama Buddha dijadikan agama negara. Usul ini pernah ditolak pada 1997 karena dianggap akan memecah negara. (AP)
Telah wafat • Arsip Berita Buddha • [sunting]
Tokoh Buddhis
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha dilahirkan dengan nama Siddhārtha Gautama (Sansekerta: Siddhattha Gotama; Pali: "keturunan Gotama yang tujuannya tercapai"), dia kemudian menjadi sang Buddha (secara harafiah: orang yang telah mencapai Penerangan Sempurna). Dia juga dikenal sebagai Shakyamuni atau Sakyamuni ('orang bijak dari kaum Sakya') dan sebagai sang Tathagata.
...terdahulu
Selengkapnya...
Tahukah Anda...
bahwa penganut Agama Buddha tidak menganggap Siddhartha Gautama sebagai Buddha pertama atau terakhir ?
bahwa Agama Buddha tidak menganggap Siddhartha Gautama sebagai Tuhan ?
bahwa Buddha berarti Mereka yang sadar, yang mencapai pencerahan sejati ?
bahwa Ayah Siddharta Gautama adalah seorang raja ?
bahwa siapa saja bisa menjadi seorang Buddha ?
bahwa Buddha terbagi menjadi tiga kategori (Samma Sambuddha, Pacceka Buddha dan Savaka Buddha) ?
[sunting]
CARA SEMBAHYANG.
Allahu Akbar
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar
Angkat kedua-dua tangan ke paras telinga sambil itu bertakbir seperti di ataRabbighfirli warhamni wajburni warfa'kni warzuqni wahdini wa'afini wa'kfu 'anni.
Maksudnya: Ya Tuhanku ampunilah aku, rahmatilah aku, perbaikilah aku, angkatlah darjatku, berilah aku rezeki, pimpinlah aku, afiatkanlah aku dan maafkanlah akus
Subhana rabbiayal a'kla wabihamdih (3 Kali).
Maksudnya: Maha Suci Tuhanku yang Maha Mulia dengan sifat kepujiannya.
Kedua tangan paras lantai, dahi juga hendaklah berkeadaan seperti di sebelah.
KEMUDIAN LAKUKAN DUDUK ANTARA DUA SUJUD
Rabbana lakalhamdu.
Ertinya: Ya Tuhan kami, Bagimu segala puji.
* Rabbana lakalhamdu mil assamawati wamil ardhi wamil a'maasyita min syai i'nba'du.(Ya Tuhan kami, bagimu segala puji seisi langit dan bumi dan sebanyak yang Engkau kehendaki).
Allahu Akbar
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar
Teruskan dari kedaan diatas menuju sujud yang pertama.
Sami'allahu liman hamidah.
Maksudnya: Allah mendengar orang yang memujinya.
Angkat kedua-dua tangan ke paras telinga dan baca ayat diatas.
Allahu Akbar
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar
Angkat kedua-dua tangan ke paras telinga sambil itu bertakbir seperti di ataRabbighfirli warhamni wajburni warfa'kni warzuqni wahdini wa'afini wa'kfu 'anni.
Maksudnya: Ya Tuhanku ampunilah aku, rahmatilah aku, perbaikilah aku, angkatlah darjatku, berilah aku rezeki, pimpinlah aku, afiatkanlah aku dan maafkanlah akus
Subhana rabbiayal a'kla wabihamdih (3 Kali).
Maksudnya: Maha Suci Tuhanku yang Maha Mulia dengan sifat kepujiannya.
Kedua tangan paras lantai, dahi juga hendaklah berkeadaan seperti di sebelah.
KEMUDIAN LAKUKAN DUDUK ANTARA DUA SUJUD
Rabbana lakalhamdu.
Ertinya: Ya Tuhan kami, Bagimu segala puji.
* Rabbana lakalhamdu mil assamawati wamil ardhi wamil a'maasyita min syai i'nba'du.(Ya Tuhan kami, bagimu segala puji seisi langit dan bumi dan sebanyak yang Engkau kehendaki).
Allahu Akbar
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar
Teruskan dari kedaan diatas menuju sujud yang pertama.
Sami'allahu liman hamidah.
Maksudnya: Allah mendengar orang yang memujinya.
Angkat kedua-dua tangan ke paras telinga dan baca ayat diatas.
Allahu Akbar
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar
BERDIRI RAKAAT PERTAMA DOA IFTITAH.
Allahu Akbaru kabira walhamdu lillahi kathira wasubhanallahhi bukratau waasila. Wajjahtu wajhia lillazi fataras sama wati wal ardha hanifam muslimaw wama ana minal musyrikin. Inna solati wanusuki wamahyaya wammamati lillahi rabbil'alamin. La syarikalahu wabiza lika umirtu wa ana minal muslimin.
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar sebesar-besarnya. Dan puji-pujian bagi Allah sebanyak-banyaknya. Dan maha suci Allah siang dan malam. Kuhadapkan mukaku, kepada yang menjadikan langit dan bumi, aku cenderung lagi berserah kepada Allah dan bukanlah aku dari golongan orang-orang yang menyekutukan Allah. Sesungguhnya sembahyangku, ibadatku, hidupku dan matiku kuserahkan hanya pada Allah tuhan seru sekelian alam. Sekali-kali tidaklah aku menyekutukanNya . Dan dengan demikian aku ditugaskan, dan aku adalah dari golongan orang-orang Muslim (Islam).
Maksudnya: Allah Maha Besar sebesar-besarnya. Dan puji-pujian bagi Allah sebanyak-banyaknya. Dan maha suci Allah siang dan malam. Kuhadapkan mukaku, kepada yang menjadikan langit dan bumi, aku cenderung lagi berserah kepada Allah dan bukanlah aku dari golongan orang-orang yang menyekutukan Allah. Sesungguhnya sembahyangku, ibadatku, hidupku dan matiku kuserahkan hanya pada Allah tuhan seru sekelian alam. Sekali-kali tidaklah aku menyekutukanNya . Dan dengan demikian aku ditugaskan, dan aku adalah dari golongan orang-orang Muslim (Islam).
TAKBIRTUL IHRAM
Angkat kedua-dua tangan ke paras telinga selepas memasang niat dalam sembahyang sambil itu bertakbir seperti di atas.
Lintaskan didalam hati ketika waktu yang sama mengangkat takbir niat kita bersembahyang.
Lelaki - Paras bawah telinga
Perempuan - Tidak melebihi paras bahu
Takbir
Lintaskan didalam hati ketika waktu yang sama mengangkat takbir niat kita bersembahyang.
Lelaki - Paras bawah telinga
Perempuan - Tidak melebihi paras bahu
Takbir
NIAT SEMBAHYANG SUBUH.
Usalli fardhaz subhi raka'ataini (*) adaan lillahi ta'ala
Ertinya: Sahaja aku sembahyang fardhu subuh dua rakaat (*) tunai kerana Allah Ta'ala.
* tambahkan makmuman (mengikut imam), jika sembahyang berjemaah.
Ertinya: Sahaja aku sembahyang fardhu subuh dua rakaat (*) tunai kerana Allah Ta'ala.
* tambahkan makmuman (mengikut imam), jika sembahyang berjemaah.
THE TIPCHANG DYNASTY NORTHERN THAILAND LAST ROYAL FAMILY
1732-1939 A.D.)King (Jao) Tipchang took advantage of weakening Burmese forces and installed loyal rulers in various Lanna prefectures, including his son Prince Kaew, who he put in charge of Lampang. But the Burmese gathered another round of strength between 1764 and 1774 and attacked Siam a total of nine times during that period.
Birth of a Dynasty The Lanna capital at Chiangmai was finally released from the Burmese stronghold on 5 Feb. 1774, when Siam's King Taaksin led an army into the city. Prince Kaew's son Prince Gawila of Lampang and Phraya Ja Baan of Chiangmai helped. After their heroic deeds, King Taaksin officially appointed Prince Gawila to rule Lampang and Phraya Ja Baan took over at Chiangmai. But when Taaksins successor, Phraya Chakri (Rama I), took the throne in Siam's new capital, Bangkok, the new king accused Chiangmais Phraya Ja Baan of spending too much time rubbing elbows in the capital during Taaksins reign, when Chiangmai needed him more at home. Rama I then banished Phraya Ja Baan from the throne in Chiangmai and promoted Lampangs Prince Gawila to the northern capital. As Tipchang's grandson, Gawila in effect continued the family dynasty. It was Three years after The War of Nine Armies, 1782, that Siam repelled the Burmese invaders out of the kingdom. By 1785, Jao Gawila was trying to repair Chiangmai after so many years of war and ruin, when the Burmese struck again this time in Lampang. The Kings army held them off for about four months, until Siamese troops from Bangkok stepped in yet again to help free the northern Kingdom from Burmese invaders. Together, the two armies managed to push the invaders back, and the struggle seemed to bring the two kings closer together as well. In 1802 the Burmese surrounded Chiangmai with seven thousand troops. The siege lasted for two months. Again, Siamese troops marched from Bangkok to help. Again, the Burmese were expelled. This time Rama I, continuing the effort started by Taaksin to unify Siam as one kingdom, promoted Gawila as King of 57 Lanna cities. But the Burmese still had a hold on Chiangsaen. In 1804, Gawila and Rama I marched their respective Lanna and Siamese armies into the city, but the Burmese fought hard. The Bangkok soldiers grew ill and lacked food and medicine, resulting in their temporary withdrawal. But Gawila's soldiers kept fighting, eventually seizing Chiangsaen along with many, many Burmese captives. The following year, Rama I ordered Jao Gawila to attack Muang Yong, Chiangroong, Saenwee, Sipaw, Chiangtoong and other northern cities in some cases to drive out Burmese, and in others, simply to continue building a bigger Siam. By the mid-1700s, The Lanna Kingdom consisted of seven prefectures, also known as the Seven Valleys that make up northern Thailand: Lampang, Lumpoon, Chiangmai, Prae, Naan and Mae Hong Sorn. The Tipchang Dynasty reigned over this region until the Siamese military overthrew the power of the monarch, and stripped all regional rulers with the exception of the current Chakri dynasty still based in Bangkok from their status as royalty
No. Ruler (Jao)1 Jao Gawila2 Jao Luang Thamma Lanka3 Jao Luang Setthee 4 Jao Luang Bhuthawong5 Jao Mahottrara Prathet6 Jao Gawiloros Suriyawong7 Jao Inta Wichayanon (Princess Daras father)8 Jao Inthawarorot Suriyawong9 Jao Kaew Nawarart
B.E. A.D. 2325-2358 - 1782-18152358-2364 - 1815-18212365-2368 - 1822-18252369-2389 - 1826-18462390-2397 - 1847-18542397-2413 - 1854-18702413-2440 - 1870-18972440-2452 - 1897-19092452-2482 - 1909-1939
Important Dates in Lanna History
1259 Mengrai ascends the throne.
1262 Mengrai founds Chiang Rai
1281 Mengrai conquers Haripunchai.
1287 Mengrai establishes the Kingdom of Lanna Thai
1297 Chiang Mai is founded.
1317 Death of Mengrai
1338 Payao is annexed to Chiang Mai.
1340 Wat Phra Sing is founded in Chiang Mai.
1355-1385 Reign of Ku Na
1385-1401 Reign of Saen Muang Ma
1401-1441 Reign of Kham Ku (Kaen)
1423 Lanna monks are ordained in Sri Lanka.
1441 Chao Lok ambushes and captures his father to ascend to the throne as King Tilokaraja.
1451-1460 War with Ayutthaya
1455 Eighth World Buddhist council meets in Chiang Mai.
1478 Wat Chedi Luang is constructed in Chiang Mai.
1487 Death of Tilokaraja
1508-1515 Wars with Ayutthaya
1545 After a series of unworthy kings, a revolt in Chiang Mai attracts an Ayutthayan army.
1545 An earthquake destroys many temples in Chiang Mai.
1548 A Siamese army unsuccessfully besieges Chiang Mai.
1558 Chiang Mai is invaded by King Bayinnaung of Pegu (Burma).
1565 Luang Prabang (in Laos) falls to the Burmese.
1569 Ayutthaya falls to the Burmese.
1598 Naresuan recaptures Chiang Mai.
1600 King Naresuan of Ayutthaya defeats the King of Pegu, leaving Ava to become the paramount power in Burma.
1615 The Burmese regain control over Lanna Thai, a rule which lasts almost uninterrupted for one century.
1717 Phya Tun is nominated by the King of Ava to become Prince of Nan, a title his family will retain until the end of absolute monarchy in Siam in 1932.
1727-1770 Rebellions and wars against the Burmese
1727 A general named Thip defeats a Burmese army and is proclaimed ruler of Lampang under the name Phra Sulawa. His descendents will rule over Lampang, Lamphun and Chiang Mai until the 19th century.
1767 The Burmese attack and destroy Ayutthaya.
1771 General Phya Tak (who will later become King Taksin of Thonburi, the third capital of Thailand) dispatches an army to Chiang Mai to fight the Burmese.
1774 King Kawila, ruler of Lampang, fights the Burmese and hands Chiang Mai over to Phya Tak. The city, impoverished by long civil wars, is abandoned for 20 years.
1782 Phya Chakri becomes the first king of the Chakri Dynasty, under the name of Ramathibodi, and founds Bangkok (the present capital of Thailand).
1787-1801 The Burmese mount periodic expeditions attempting to regain Lanna Thai.
1796 Kawila repopulates Chiang Mai.
1804 Ramathibodi (later posthumously renamed Rama I) and King Kawila finally defeat the Burmese. The last Burmese stronghold, Chiang Saen, is razed to prevent reoccupation by the invaders, and the population is deported to Lampang.
1813 Kawila dies.
1874 A Siamese High Commissioner is sent to reside in Chiang Mai, and the Bangkok government begins to administer Lanna Thai directly.
1885 The British conquer upper Burma, ensuring peace on the western border, although the British will start to meddle in northern affairs.
1887 Siam cedes to France some provinces in Laos, which the Thais had controlled for a hundred years since the war in the North by Phya Tak.
1890 Bands of Chinese Haw, many of them bandits, enter northern Thailand and Laos.
1893 Thailand loses to France some territories on the west bank of the Mekong River (Present day Laos and Cambodia).
1921 The railway reaches Chiang Mai.
1927 Rama VII visits Chiang Mai, entering the city with a stately procession of elephants.
1932 Khruba Srivijaya, a highly revered northern monk, refuses to accept the authority of the national Sangha.
1939 The last Prince of Chiang Mai, Kaew Nawarat, dies. Siam changes its name to Thailand.
Birth of a Dynasty The Lanna capital at Chiangmai was finally released from the Burmese stronghold on 5 Feb. 1774, when Siam's King Taaksin led an army into the city. Prince Kaew's son Prince Gawila of Lampang and Phraya Ja Baan of Chiangmai helped. After their heroic deeds, King Taaksin officially appointed Prince Gawila to rule Lampang and Phraya Ja Baan took over at Chiangmai. But when Taaksins successor, Phraya Chakri (Rama I), took the throne in Siam's new capital, Bangkok, the new king accused Chiangmais Phraya Ja Baan of spending too much time rubbing elbows in the capital during Taaksins reign, when Chiangmai needed him more at home. Rama I then banished Phraya Ja Baan from the throne in Chiangmai and promoted Lampangs Prince Gawila to the northern capital. As Tipchang's grandson, Gawila in effect continued the family dynasty. It was Three years after The War of Nine Armies, 1782, that Siam repelled the Burmese invaders out of the kingdom. By 1785, Jao Gawila was trying to repair Chiangmai after so many years of war and ruin, when the Burmese struck again this time in Lampang. The Kings army held them off for about four months, until Siamese troops from Bangkok stepped in yet again to help free the northern Kingdom from Burmese invaders. Together, the two armies managed to push the invaders back, and the struggle seemed to bring the two kings closer together as well. In 1802 the Burmese surrounded Chiangmai with seven thousand troops. The siege lasted for two months. Again, Siamese troops marched from Bangkok to help. Again, the Burmese were expelled. This time Rama I, continuing the effort started by Taaksin to unify Siam as one kingdom, promoted Gawila as King of 57 Lanna cities. But the Burmese still had a hold on Chiangsaen. In 1804, Gawila and Rama I marched their respective Lanna and Siamese armies into the city, but the Burmese fought hard. The Bangkok soldiers grew ill and lacked food and medicine, resulting in their temporary withdrawal. But Gawila's soldiers kept fighting, eventually seizing Chiangsaen along with many, many Burmese captives. The following year, Rama I ordered Jao Gawila to attack Muang Yong, Chiangroong, Saenwee, Sipaw, Chiangtoong and other northern cities in some cases to drive out Burmese, and in others, simply to continue building a bigger Siam. By the mid-1700s, The Lanna Kingdom consisted of seven prefectures, also known as the Seven Valleys that make up northern Thailand: Lampang, Lumpoon, Chiangmai, Prae, Naan and Mae Hong Sorn. The Tipchang Dynasty reigned over this region until the Siamese military overthrew the power of the monarch, and stripped all regional rulers with the exception of the current Chakri dynasty still based in Bangkok from their status as royalty
No. Ruler (Jao)1 Jao Gawila2 Jao Luang Thamma Lanka3 Jao Luang Setthee 4 Jao Luang Bhuthawong5 Jao Mahottrara Prathet6 Jao Gawiloros Suriyawong7 Jao Inta Wichayanon (Princess Daras father)8 Jao Inthawarorot Suriyawong9 Jao Kaew Nawarart
B.E. A.D. 2325-2358 - 1782-18152358-2364 - 1815-18212365-2368 - 1822-18252369-2389 - 1826-18462390-2397 - 1847-18542397-2413 - 1854-18702413-2440 - 1870-18972440-2452 - 1897-19092452-2482 - 1909-1939
Important Dates in Lanna History
1259 Mengrai ascends the throne.
1262 Mengrai founds Chiang Rai
1281 Mengrai conquers Haripunchai.
1287 Mengrai establishes the Kingdom of Lanna Thai
1297 Chiang Mai is founded.
1317 Death of Mengrai
1338 Payao is annexed to Chiang Mai.
1340 Wat Phra Sing is founded in Chiang Mai.
1355-1385 Reign of Ku Na
1385-1401 Reign of Saen Muang Ma
1401-1441 Reign of Kham Ku (Kaen)
1423 Lanna monks are ordained in Sri Lanka.
1441 Chao Lok ambushes and captures his father to ascend to the throne as King Tilokaraja.
1451-1460 War with Ayutthaya
1455 Eighth World Buddhist council meets in Chiang Mai.
1478 Wat Chedi Luang is constructed in Chiang Mai.
1487 Death of Tilokaraja
1508-1515 Wars with Ayutthaya
1545 After a series of unworthy kings, a revolt in Chiang Mai attracts an Ayutthayan army.
1545 An earthquake destroys many temples in Chiang Mai.
1548 A Siamese army unsuccessfully besieges Chiang Mai.
1558 Chiang Mai is invaded by King Bayinnaung of Pegu (Burma).
1565 Luang Prabang (in Laos) falls to the Burmese.
1569 Ayutthaya falls to the Burmese.
1598 Naresuan recaptures Chiang Mai.
1600 King Naresuan of Ayutthaya defeats the King of Pegu, leaving Ava to become the paramount power in Burma.
1615 The Burmese regain control over Lanna Thai, a rule which lasts almost uninterrupted for one century.
1717 Phya Tun is nominated by the King of Ava to become Prince of Nan, a title his family will retain until the end of absolute monarchy in Siam in 1932.
1727-1770 Rebellions and wars against the Burmese
1727 A general named Thip defeats a Burmese army and is proclaimed ruler of Lampang under the name Phra Sulawa. His descendents will rule over Lampang, Lamphun and Chiang Mai until the 19th century.
1767 The Burmese attack and destroy Ayutthaya.
1771 General Phya Tak (who will later become King Taksin of Thonburi, the third capital of Thailand) dispatches an army to Chiang Mai to fight the Burmese.
1774 King Kawila, ruler of Lampang, fights the Burmese and hands Chiang Mai over to Phya Tak. The city, impoverished by long civil wars, is abandoned for 20 years.
1782 Phya Chakri becomes the first king of the Chakri Dynasty, under the name of Ramathibodi, and founds Bangkok (the present capital of Thailand).
1787-1801 The Burmese mount periodic expeditions attempting to regain Lanna Thai.
1796 Kawila repopulates Chiang Mai.
1804 Ramathibodi (later posthumously renamed Rama I) and King Kawila finally defeat the Burmese. The last Burmese stronghold, Chiang Saen, is razed to prevent reoccupation by the invaders, and the population is deported to Lampang.
1813 Kawila dies.
1874 A Siamese High Commissioner is sent to reside in Chiang Mai, and the Bangkok government begins to administer Lanna Thai directly.
1885 The British conquer upper Burma, ensuring peace on the western border, although the British will start to meddle in northern affairs.
1887 Siam cedes to France some provinces in Laos, which the Thais had controlled for a hundred years since the war in the North by Phya Tak.
1890 Bands of Chinese Haw, many of them bandits, enter northern Thailand and Laos.
1893 Thailand loses to France some territories on the west bank of the Mekong River (Present day Laos and Cambodia).
1921 The railway reaches Chiang Mai.
1927 Rama VII visits Chiang Mai, entering the city with a stately procession of elephants.
1932 Khruba Srivijaya, a highly revered northern monk, refuses to accept the authority of the national Sangha.
1939 The last Prince of Chiang Mai, Kaew Nawarat, dies. Siam changes its name to Thailand.
Isnin, 27 September 2010
THE KINGDOM OF LANNATHAI
Lanna or Lannathai is the given name of a prosperous self ruling kingdom, once the power base of the whole of Northern Thailand as well as parts of present day Burma (Myanmar) & Laos. The title means "Land of a million rice fields".
The rich culture and history owe much to the influence of Burma and, to a certain extent Laos. Still found in northern temples is the script of Lanna, which is probably the original Thai script and thought to be based on Mon. A similar script is still in use today by the Shan people.
Lanna is completely different from other provinces of Thailand in cuisine, culture and custom. It is generally acknowledged, throughout Thailand, that the Northern women are the most beautiful and people friendliest and politest in the country. The charm and gentleness of the Northerners seldom fail to impress even the most demanding of visitors.
The history of modern Thailand begins 5,000 years ago. The ancestors of today's Thai people lived in areas of Southern China. Through various migration streams they worked their way south to Thailand, Burma and Lao. They entered today's Thailand at Chiang Saen (Yonokanagakom) on the southern banks of the Mae Khong River; this gateway to Siam is known to have been a kingdom as early as 773 A.D.
The mighty Lanna kingdom was founded by King Mengri (1259 - 1317). He also brought a newly found unity to the North and annexed the Mon held territory south of Chiang Mai including their capital Lampoon (Hari Punchai). After the town fell he went in search for a new area to build a city. He found a well-watered meadow, stocked with game and other wild animals beside a huge mountain plentiful of waterfalls. Two of his friends were invited, King Ngarm Muang of Payao and King Rama Kampeng of Sukothai, to inspect the site and assist in construction to which they agreed. Each king made a small slit in his wrist and allowed the blood to spill into a silver goblet. When full they drank the contents vowing everlasting support and co-operation. (There was no war between the three kingdoms during the reign of these kings.) A monument to these three kings was built and can be located in the centre of Chiang Mai's old city. The town was built in 1296 and named Nopburi Sri Nakorn Ping Chiang Mai which was later shortened to Chiang Mai.Mengri however did not live in Chiang Mai, preferring his own town of Chiang Rai, the then capital of Lanna. Chiang Mai did not become capital until 1345. His role was that of conqueror. A powerful man, it is perhaps fitting that he died after being struck by lightning in his 80th year. A shrine was built at the market where he fell and is found in the centre of Chiang Mai's old city, close to the three kings statue. Other Northern Kings met with more unusual fates such as King Kampoo who, in 1345, was eaten by a crocodile while taking a bath and King Muong Keo who passed away after eating a dish of raw horse meat. Another would be king was trampled to death attempting to rope wild elephants.
The most powerful period of this kingdoms history was during the reign of King Tilorokarat (1548-1580). Lanna's power began to wane by the end of the 15th century and was repeatedly attacked by Lao and Burma whose troops and puppet lords occupied the area on many occasions. They introduced their own styles of food, buildings, costume and culture. Chiang Mai swayed between Burmese and Central Thai control with intermittent spells of self-government; The Burmese occupied the Lanna region from 1556 until it was finally annexed by Central Thailand in the late 18th century. However their loyalties of the locals were to themselves and they sided with Thai or Burmese armies at different periods.
Chiang Mai was actually deserted for 15 years (1776-1791) as the result of successive wars. Lampang was made temporary capital. It was Rama I (of the present Chakri Dynasty) who re-established the city after several skirmishes with the Burmese. The Thai commander, Kawila, was given the title "Prince of Chiang Mai" for his valiant efforts. Chiang Mai has remained a part of Thailand (Siam) ever since despite frequent Burmese raids.
Around this time Chiang Saen was under siege by Thai forces attempting to starve out the Burmese occupiers. The Thai army did not succeed and retreated fearing a Burmese counter-attack. Meanwhile the residents revolted slaying the Burmese troops and opening the city gates for their liberating compatriots to enter.
Rama I ordered the destruction of Chiang Saen in 1804 to prevent the Burmese from using it as a springboard to attack Chiang Mai, he did likewise to the surrounding Shan states towns (now in Burma and Laos). With Chiang Saen in flames the 23,000 residents were sent to populate Chiang Mai, Lampang and Nan which is why, even today, the town of Chiang Saen is little more than a village.
Skirmishes, uprising and wars were an integral part of daily life in Lanna during these times and it would require much more space than we have here to cover many of the past conflicts.
The last ruler of Chiang Mai with Northern connections was Chao Keo Naovarat and a Bangkok appointed governor replaced him in 1939. A bridge, connecting the east of the city with the old city is named in his honour. Typical Lanna market scene mid 19th century
The Kingdom of Lanna (present day Northern Thailand) flourished for three hundred years under the Mengrai Dynasty (1258-1558) before the Burmese invaders put a stronghold on the region. For the next 216 years, the Kingdom was ruled by little more than "puppet kings" manipulated by the rulers of Burma. The Lanna people, aided by armies from its parent kingdom of Siam, continued to fight the Burmese, and finally achieved an opening for a proper Lanna king to take the throne in Chiangmai in 1732.
The rich culture and history owe much to the influence of Burma and, to a certain extent Laos. Still found in northern temples is the script of Lanna, which is probably the original Thai script and thought to be based on Mon. A similar script is still in use today by the Shan people.
Lanna is completely different from other provinces of Thailand in cuisine, culture and custom. It is generally acknowledged, throughout Thailand, that the Northern women are the most beautiful and people friendliest and politest in the country. The charm and gentleness of the Northerners seldom fail to impress even the most demanding of visitors.
The history of modern Thailand begins 5,000 years ago. The ancestors of today's Thai people lived in areas of Southern China. Through various migration streams they worked their way south to Thailand, Burma and Lao. They entered today's Thailand at Chiang Saen (Yonokanagakom) on the southern banks of the Mae Khong River; this gateway to Siam is known to have been a kingdom as early as 773 A.D.
The mighty Lanna kingdom was founded by King Mengri (1259 - 1317). He also brought a newly found unity to the North and annexed the Mon held territory south of Chiang Mai including their capital Lampoon (Hari Punchai). After the town fell he went in search for a new area to build a city. He found a well-watered meadow, stocked with game and other wild animals beside a huge mountain plentiful of waterfalls. Two of his friends were invited, King Ngarm Muang of Payao and King Rama Kampeng of Sukothai, to inspect the site and assist in construction to which they agreed. Each king made a small slit in his wrist and allowed the blood to spill into a silver goblet. When full they drank the contents vowing everlasting support and co-operation. (There was no war between the three kingdoms during the reign of these kings.) A monument to these three kings was built and can be located in the centre of Chiang Mai's old city. The town was built in 1296 and named Nopburi Sri Nakorn Ping Chiang Mai which was later shortened to Chiang Mai.Mengri however did not live in Chiang Mai, preferring his own town of Chiang Rai, the then capital of Lanna. Chiang Mai did not become capital until 1345. His role was that of conqueror. A powerful man, it is perhaps fitting that he died after being struck by lightning in his 80th year. A shrine was built at the market where he fell and is found in the centre of Chiang Mai's old city, close to the three kings statue. Other Northern Kings met with more unusual fates such as King Kampoo who, in 1345, was eaten by a crocodile while taking a bath and King Muong Keo who passed away after eating a dish of raw horse meat. Another would be king was trampled to death attempting to rope wild elephants.
The most powerful period of this kingdoms history was during the reign of King Tilorokarat (1548-1580). Lanna's power began to wane by the end of the 15th century and was repeatedly attacked by Lao and Burma whose troops and puppet lords occupied the area on many occasions. They introduced their own styles of food, buildings, costume and culture. Chiang Mai swayed between Burmese and Central Thai control with intermittent spells of self-government; The Burmese occupied the Lanna region from 1556 until it was finally annexed by Central Thailand in the late 18th century. However their loyalties of the locals were to themselves and they sided with Thai or Burmese armies at different periods.
Chiang Mai was actually deserted for 15 years (1776-1791) as the result of successive wars. Lampang was made temporary capital. It was Rama I (of the present Chakri Dynasty) who re-established the city after several skirmishes with the Burmese. The Thai commander, Kawila, was given the title "Prince of Chiang Mai" for his valiant efforts. Chiang Mai has remained a part of Thailand (Siam) ever since despite frequent Burmese raids.
Around this time Chiang Saen was under siege by Thai forces attempting to starve out the Burmese occupiers. The Thai army did not succeed and retreated fearing a Burmese counter-attack. Meanwhile the residents revolted slaying the Burmese troops and opening the city gates for their liberating compatriots to enter.
Rama I ordered the destruction of Chiang Saen in 1804 to prevent the Burmese from using it as a springboard to attack Chiang Mai, he did likewise to the surrounding Shan states towns (now in Burma and Laos). With Chiang Saen in flames the 23,000 residents were sent to populate Chiang Mai, Lampang and Nan which is why, even today, the town of Chiang Saen is little more than a village.
Skirmishes, uprising and wars were an integral part of daily life in Lanna during these times and it would require much more space than we have here to cover many of the past conflicts.
The last ruler of Chiang Mai with Northern connections was Chao Keo Naovarat and a Bangkok appointed governor replaced him in 1939. A bridge, connecting the east of the city with the old city is named in his honour. Typical Lanna market scene mid 19th century
The Kingdom of Lanna (present day Northern Thailand) flourished for three hundred years under the Mengrai Dynasty (1258-1558) before the Burmese invaders put a stronghold on the region. For the next 216 years, the Kingdom was ruled by little more than "puppet kings" manipulated by the rulers of Burma. The Lanna people, aided by armies from its parent kingdom of Siam, continued to fight the Burmese, and finally achieved an opening for a proper Lanna king to take the throne in Chiangmai in 1732.
DOSA-DOSA DAN BALASAN ORANG YANG MENINGALKAN SEMBAHYANG.
DOSA-DOSA DAN BALASAN ORANG YANG MENINGGALKAN SEMBAHYANG
Orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu dengan sengaja tanpa keuzuran syarie adalah berdosa dan akan dibalas dengan azab iaitu neraka Saqar sebagaimana firman Allah s.w.t . yang bermaksud :
"Apakah yang menyebabkan kamu diheret ke neraka Saqar ? Mereka menjawab : "Kami tidak menunaikan sembahyang".
Sementara itu setengah para ulama' membuat andaian berdasarkan hadis-hadis orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu itu itu sama nilaian dengan dosa seperti berikut:
Sembahyang Subuh
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang subuh , nescaya Allah akan mencampakkannya ke dalam neraka selama 60 tahun.
Sembahyang Zohor
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang zohor dengan sengaja dosanya sama dengan membunuh 1000 orang Islam
Sembahyang Asar
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Asar dengan sengaja , dosanya sama dengan seperti ia meruntuhkan Ka'abah (Rumah Allah)
Sembahyang Maghrib
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Maghrib dosanya sama seperti ia berzina dengan ibunya atau anak perempuan bagi orang-orang lelaki ataupun berzina dengan bapa atau anak lelaki bagi orang-orang perempuan.
Sembahyang Isya'
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Isya' nescaya Allah tidak akan redha ia tinggal di dunia ini ( bumi Allah ) dan menggunakan segala nikmat kurniaan Allah. Segala gerak geri adalah semata-mata dalam keadaan berdosa kepada Allah s.w.t.
Di antara hadis yang menyebut mengenai dosa orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang ialah :
Sabda Nabi s.a.w. :
"Sembahyang itu tiang agama, sesiapa yang mendirikannya maka ia mendirikan agamanya, dan barang siapa yang meringankan sembahyang maka ia akan diseksa dengan 15 perkara ..
enam perkara di atas dunia
tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
tiga perkara sewaktu di dalam kubur
tiga perkara sewaktu bertemu dengan Tuhan
Enam perkara seksaan di atas dunia
Dihilangkan berkat sedikit demi sedikit yang ada pada umurnya
Dikurangkan rezeki di dalam usahanya
Tiada dipelihara baginya agama Islam
Dikurangkan pengaruh-pengaruh baik pada dirinya
Segala amal kebajikan yang diamalkan dalam dunia ini tiada diberi pahala oleh Allah akan dia.
Tiada diangkat oleh malaikat ke langit akan segala amalnya
Tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
Dimatikan dalam kehinaan
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat lapar
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat kehausan walaupun dituangkan air kekerongkongnya sebanyakmanapun
Tiga perkara sewaktu dalam kubur
Dihimpit tanah dalam kuburnya sehingga keadaan tulang selangkanya remuk sama sekali dan Tuhan memerintahkan malaikat Munkar dan Nankir menyiksanya sehingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan Allah seekor ular besar bernama SHWAUN-RAK yang keadaannya sangat dasyat, matanya seperti guruh dilangit menggigit dan membenamkan kukunya kepada mangsanya hingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan malaikat yang bertongkat besi, sambil berkata dengan suara yang ganas dan kuat seperti guruh di langit seraya berkata: "Aku diperintahkan oleh Allah memalu (memukul) engkau daripada subuh hingga zuhur, dan zuhur hingga subuh"
Tiap-tiap kali pukul atau paluan itu tertanam tubuh kita hingga 70 hasta ke dalam tanah, maka dikeluarkan pula kukunya yang mana keadaan memakan masa selama sehari semalam dalam perjalanan.
Orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu dengan sengaja tanpa keuzuran syarie adalah berdosa dan akan dibalas dengan azab iaitu neraka Saqar sebagaimana firman Allah s.w.t . yang bermaksud :
"Apakah yang menyebabkan kamu diheret ke neraka Saqar ? Mereka menjawab : "Kami tidak menunaikan sembahyang".
Sementara itu setengah para ulama' membuat andaian berdasarkan hadis-hadis orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu itu itu sama nilaian dengan dosa seperti berikut:
Sembahyang Subuh
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang subuh , nescaya Allah akan mencampakkannya ke dalam neraka selama 60 tahun.
Sembahyang Zohor
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang zohor dengan sengaja dosanya sama dengan membunuh 1000 orang Islam
Sembahyang Asar
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Asar dengan sengaja , dosanya sama dengan seperti ia meruntuhkan Ka'abah (Rumah Allah)
Sembahyang Maghrib
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Maghrib dosanya sama seperti ia berzina dengan ibunya atau anak perempuan bagi orang-orang lelaki ataupun berzina dengan bapa atau anak lelaki bagi orang-orang perempuan.
Sembahyang Isya'
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Isya' nescaya Allah tidak akan redha ia tinggal di dunia ini ( bumi Allah ) dan menggunakan segala nikmat kurniaan Allah. Segala gerak geri adalah semata-mata dalam keadaan berdosa kepada Allah s.w.t.
Di antara hadis yang menyebut mengenai dosa orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang ialah :
Sabda Nabi s.a.w. :
"Sembahyang itu tiang agama, sesiapa yang mendirikannya maka ia mendirikan agamanya, dan barang siapa yang meringankan sembahyang maka ia akan diseksa dengan 15 perkara ..
enam perkara di atas dunia
tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
tiga perkara sewaktu di dalam kubur
tiga perkara sewaktu bertemu dengan Tuhan
Enam perkara seksaan di atas dunia
Dihilangkan berkat sedikit demi sedikit yang ada pada umurnya
Dikurangkan rezeki di dalam usahanya
Tiada dipelihara baginya agama Islam
Dikurangkan pengaruh-pengaruh baik pada dirinya
Segala amal kebajikan yang diamalkan dalam dunia ini tiada diberi pahala oleh Allah akan dia.
Tiada diangkat oleh malaikat ke langit akan segala amalnya
Tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
Dimatikan dalam kehinaan
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat lapar
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat kehausan walaupun dituangkan air kekerongkongnya sebanyakmanapun
Tiga perkara sewaktu dalam kubur
Dihimpit tanah dalam kuburnya sehingga keadaan tulang selangkanya remuk sama sekali dan Tuhan memerintahkan malaikat Munkar dan Nankir menyiksanya sehingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan Allah seekor ular besar bernama SHWAUN-RAK yang keadaannya sangat dasyat, matanya seperti guruh dilangit menggigit dan membenamkan kukunya kepada mangsanya hingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan malaikat yang bertongkat besi, sambil berkata dengan suara yang ganas dan kuat seperti guruh di langit seraya berkata: "Aku diperintahkan oleh Allah memalu (memukul) engkau daripada subuh hingga zuhur, dan zuhur hingga subuh"
Tiap-tiap kali pukul atau paluan itu tertanam tubuh kita hingga 70 hasta ke dalam tanah, maka dikeluarkan pula kukunya yang mana keadaan memakan masa selama sehari semalam dalam perjalanan.
DOSA-DOSA DAN BALASAN ORANG YANG MENINGALKAN SEMBAHYANG.
DOSA-DOSA DAN BALASAN ORANG YANG MENINGGALKAN SEMBAHYANG
Orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu dengan sengaja tanpa keuzuran syarie adalah berdosa dan akan dibalas dengan azab iaitu neraka Saqar sebagaimana firman Allah s.w.t . yang bermaksud :
"Apakah yang menyebabkan kamu diheret ke neraka Saqar ? Mereka menjawab : "Kami tidak menunaikan sembahyang".
Sementara itu setengah para ulama' membuat andaian berdasarkan hadis-hadis orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu itu itu sama nilaian dengan dosa seperti berikut:
Sembahyang Subuh
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang subuh , nescaya Allah akan mencampakkannya ke dalam neraka selama 60 tahun.
Sembahyang Zohor
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang zohor dengan sengaja dosanya sama dengan membunuh 1000 orang Islam
Sembahyang Asar
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Asar dengan sengaja , dosanya sama dengan seperti ia meruntuhkan Ka'abah (Rumah Allah)
Sembahyang Maghrib
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Maghrib dosanya sama seperti ia berzina dengan ibunya atau anak perempuan bagi orang-orang lelaki ataupun berzina dengan bapa atau anak lelaki bagi orang-orang perempuan.
Sembahyang Isya'
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Isya' nescaya Allah tidak akan redha ia tinggal di dunia ini ( bumi Allah ) dan menggunakan segala nikmat kurniaan Allah. Segala gerak geri adalah semata-mata dalam keadaan berdosa kepada Allah s.w.t.
Di antara hadis yang menyebut mengenai dosa orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang ialah :
Sabda Nabi s.a.w. :
"Sembahyang itu tiang agama, sesiapa yang mendirikannya maka ia mendirikan agamanya, dan barang siapa yang meringankan sembahyang maka ia akan diseksa dengan 15 perkara ..
enam perkara di atas dunia
tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
tiga perkara sewaktu di dalam kubur
tiga perkara sewaktu bertemu dengan Tuhan
Enam perkara seksaan di atas dunia
Dihilangkan berkat sedikit demi sedikit yang ada pada umurnya
Dikurangkan rezeki di dalam usahanya
Tiada dipelihara baginya agama Islam
Dikurangkan pengaruh-pengaruh baik pada dirinya
Segala amal kebajikan yang diamalkan dalam dunia ini tiada diberi pahala oleh Allah akan dia.
Tiada diangkat oleh malaikat ke langit akan segala amalnya
Tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
Dimatikan dalam kehinaan
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat lapar
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat kehausan walaupun dituangkan air kekerongkongnya sebanyakmanapun
Tiga perkara sewaktu dalam kubur
Dihimpit tanah dalam kuburnya sehingga keadaan tulang selangkanya remuk sama sekali dan Tuhan memerintahkan malaikat Munkar dan Nankir menyiksanya sehingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan Allah seekor ular besar bernama SHWAUN-RAK yang keadaannya sangat dasyat, matanya seperti guruh dilangit menggigit dan membenamkan kukunya kepada mangsanya hingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan malaikat yang bertongkat besi, sambil berkata dengan suara yang ganas dan kuat seperti guruh di langit seraya berkata: "Aku diperintahkan oleh Allah memalu (memukul) engkau daripada subuh hingga zuhur, dan zuhur hingga subuh"
Tiap-tiap kali pukul atau paluan itu tertanam tubuh kita hingga 70 hasta ke dalam tanah, maka dikeluarkan pula kukunya yang mana keadaan memakan masa selama sehari semalam dalam perjalanan.
Orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu dengan sengaja tanpa keuzuran syarie adalah berdosa dan akan dibalas dengan azab iaitu neraka Saqar sebagaimana firman Allah s.w.t . yang bermaksud :
"Apakah yang menyebabkan kamu diheret ke neraka Saqar ? Mereka menjawab : "Kami tidak menunaikan sembahyang".
Sementara itu setengah para ulama' membuat andaian berdasarkan hadis-hadis orang-orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang fardhu itu itu sama nilaian dengan dosa seperti berikut:
Sembahyang Subuh
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang subuh , nescaya Allah akan mencampakkannya ke dalam neraka selama 60 tahun.
Sembahyang Zohor
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang zohor dengan sengaja dosanya sama dengan membunuh 1000 orang Islam
Sembahyang Asar
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Asar dengan sengaja , dosanya sama dengan seperti ia meruntuhkan Ka'abah (Rumah Allah)
Sembahyang Maghrib
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Maghrib dosanya sama seperti ia berzina dengan ibunya atau anak perempuan bagi orang-orang lelaki ataupun berzina dengan bapa atau anak lelaki bagi orang-orang perempuan.
Sembahyang Isya'
Barang siapa yang meninggalkan sembahyang Isya' nescaya Allah tidak akan redha ia tinggal di dunia ini ( bumi Allah ) dan menggunakan segala nikmat kurniaan Allah. Segala gerak geri adalah semata-mata dalam keadaan berdosa kepada Allah s.w.t.
Di antara hadis yang menyebut mengenai dosa orang yang meninggalkan sembahyang ialah :
Sabda Nabi s.a.w. :
"Sembahyang itu tiang agama, sesiapa yang mendirikannya maka ia mendirikan agamanya, dan barang siapa yang meringankan sembahyang maka ia akan diseksa dengan 15 perkara ..
enam perkara di atas dunia
tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
tiga perkara sewaktu di dalam kubur
tiga perkara sewaktu bertemu dengan Tuhan
Enam perkara seksaan di atas dunia
Dihilangkan berkat sedikit demi sedikit yang ada pada umurnya
Dikurangkan rezeki di dalam usahanya
Tiada dipelihara baginya agama Islam
Dikurangkan pengaruh-pengaruh baik pada dirinya
Segala amal kebajikan yang diamalkan dalam dunia ini tiada diberi pahala oleh Allah akan dia.
Tiada diangkat oleh malaikat ke langit akan segala amalnya
Tiga perkara sewaktu hendak mati
Dimatikan dalam kehinaan
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat lapar
Dimatikan dalam keadaan sangat kehausan walaupun dituangkan air kekerongkongnya sebanyakmanapun
Tiga perkara sewaktu dalam kubur
Dihimpit tanah dalam kuburnya sehingga keadaan tulang selangkanya remuk sama sekali dan Tuhan memerintahkan malaikat Munkar dan Nankir menyiksanya sehingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan Allah seekor ular besar bernama SHWAUN-RAK yang keadaannya sangat dasyat, matanya seperti guruh dilangit menggigit dan membenamkan kukunya kepada mangsanya hingga hari kiamat.
Didatangkan malaikat yang bertongkat besi, sambil berkata dengan suara yang ganas dan kuat seperti guruh di langit seraya berkata: "Aku diperintahkan oleh Allah memalu (memukul) engkau daripada subuh hingga zuhur, dan zuhur hingga subuh"
Tiap-tiap kali pukul atau paluan itu tertanam tubuh kita hingga 70 hasta ke dalam tanah, maka dikeluarkan pula kukunya yang mana keadaan memakan masa selama sehari semalam dalam perjalanan.
Selasa, 21 September 2010
RAKYAT INDONESIA HARUS MEMAHAMI UNDANG-UNDANG MALAYSIA.
Saya sebagai rakyat malaysia berasa dukacita kerana sekelompok rakyat indonesia dengan berani membakar bendera malaysia serta membaling najis,Rakyat Indonesia tidak harus mengambil tindakan seperti ini kerana hubungan diplomatik kurang baik.Kita sebagai serumpun harus mempereratkan silatul rahim antara kedua-dua negara.Sepatutnya rakyat indonesia harus memahami undang-undang negara malaysia.Bagi pendapat saya rakyat indonesia harus berterima kasih kepada kerajaan malaysia kerana banyak memberi sumbangan kepada rakyat indonesia yang menerima musibah seperti tsunami,mangsa gempa bumi dan lain-lain lagi.Rakyat indonesia harus memahami undang-undang malaysia dan menghormati serta adat di malaysia.Bagi pandangan saya sekiranya rakyat malaysia membakar bendera indonesia bagaimana perasaan rakyat indonesia?.Sepatutnya rakyat indonesia boleh memahami dan boleh berfikir dengan sendiri.Jika di thailand sesiapa yang membakar bendera hukuman adalah lebih berat lagi berbanding dengan malaysia rakyat indonesia beruntung kerana kerajaan malaysia boleh bertolak ansur.Rakyat indonesia harus bersyukur kepada kerajaan malaysia kerana banyak memberi bantuan kepada kerajaan indonesia.Rakyat Indonesia tidak harus membakar bendera malaysia kerana malaysia banyak memberi sumbangan kepada kerajaan indonesia.Sebagai negara asean harus mempereratkan lagi hubungan antara negara-negara seperti Thailand,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar,Laos,Filipina,Brunei dan Kemboja.Indonesia sebagai anggota negara asean harus mempereratkan lagi hubungan diplomatik dengan Malaysia kerana keturunan indonesia yang berada di selatan adalah asal indonesia seperti rakyat thai yang berketurunan malaysia di utara.
RAKYAT INDONESIA HARUS MENGHORMATI UNDANG-UNDANG NEGARA MALAYSIA.
Saya sebagai rakyat malaysia ingin membicarakan kepada rakyat indonesia dapat memahami undang-undang malaysia,Rakyat indonesia harus memahami undang-undang malaysia.Bagi pandangan saya rakyat indonesia tidak harus membaling najis serta membakar bendera malaysia,sepatutnya rakyat indonesia berterima kasih kepada kerajaan malaysia dengan memberi bantuan kemanusiaan semasa tsunami dan memberi peluang rakyat indonesia berkerja di malaysia.Jika di Thailand sekiranya rakyat asing membakar bendera serta membaling najis tindakan adalah penjara atau di denda.
Isnin, 20 September 2010
POLIS DI RAJA MALAYSIA HARUS BERHEMAH DENGAN MASYARAKAT AMNYA.
Saya sebagai rakyat malaysia ingin menyuarakan kepada pihak polis perlu memperbaiki bahasa dari segi percakapan yang kurang sopan,Bagi pendapat saya sepatutnya polis perlu berhemah dengan masyarakat bukannya berlagak sombong,Walaupun saya sebagai bekas anggota askar wataniah saya juga mesra dengan orang awam tidak bercakap kasar dengan adanya bahasa yang sopan.Polis sepatutnya memainkan peranan yang penting kepada masyarakat bukan berlagak sombong dengan percakapan sesuka hati.Walaupun saya bekas anggota askar wataniah saya tidak kutuk kepada sesiapa pun cuma perlu mempertingkatkan lagi dispilin anggota polis dari percakapan yang kurang memuaskan yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang itu terasa sakit hati.Biarlah percakapan itu ada bahasa dan budaya.Bahasa itu menunjukkan bangsa.
Isnin, 13 September 2010
POLIS DI RAJA MALAYSIA PERLU BERSIKAP BERHEMAH KEPADA MASYARAKAT AMNYA.
Saya sebagai rakyat malaysia tidak berpuas hati atas sikap pihak polis yang biadab dari segi percakapan,bahasa.Walaupun saya bekas askar wataniah saya menghormati juga orang terutamanya di kalangan masyarakat dari segi bangsa dan warna kulit .Sepatutnya polis perlu berhemah kepada masyarakat dan ibaratkan jangan berlagak sombong.Bahasa yang di cakap biarlah yang baik dan tidak menyakiti.Bahasa menunjukkan bangsa.Bagi saya polis tidak mempunyai dispilin berbanding dengan tentera.
Jumaat, 10 September 2010
TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ADALAH BEKAS PERDANA MENTERI DAN KETURUNAN SIAM.
Saya sebagai rakyat keturunan thai malaysia berbangga seorang perdana menteri Tunku Abdul Rahman adalah seorang keturunan siam yang memimpin malaysia,Perdana Menteri Malaysia yang pertama menjadi seorang pemimpin negara yang di hormati serata dunia.
Khamis, 9 September 2010
MUAY THAI .
Muay Thai (Thai: มวยไทย, RTGS: Muai Thai, IPA: [mūaj tʰāj]) is a hard martial art from Thailand. It is similar to other Indochinese styles of kickboxing, namely pradal serey from Cambodia, tomoi from Malaysia, lethwei from Myanmar and Muay Lao from Laos. Descended from muay boran, Muay Thai is Thailand's national sport.[1][2]
The word muay derives from the Sanskrit mavya and Thai comes from the word Tai. Muay Thai is referred to as the "Art of Eight Limbs" or the "Science Of Eight Limbs" because it makes use of punches, kicks, elbows and knee strikes, thus using eight "points of contact", as opposed to "two points" (fists) in Western boxing and "four points" (hands and feet) used in sport-oriented martial arts. A practitioner of Muay Thai is known as a nak muay. Western practitioners are sometimes called nak muay farang meaning foreign boxer.[3]
Contents[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Modernization
1.3 Nai Khanomtom
2 Techniques
2.1 Punching (Chok)
2.2 Elbow (Ti sok)
2.3 Kicking (Te)
2.4 Knee (Ti khao)[6]
2.5 Foot-thrust (Thip)
2.6 Clinch & Neck Wrestling (Chap kho)
2.7 Defense against attacks
2.7.1 Punches and kicks
3 Conditioning
4 Rules
5 Use in other martial arts or combat sports
5.1 Mixed Martial Arts
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
[edit] History
[edit] Origins
Praying before the match.
Thai boxing has been around for over a thousand years, However, it can be traced back using records to 400 years ago in the former capital of Thailand known as Ayuthaya. [4] Various forms of kickboxing have long been practiced throughout mainland Southeast Asia. Based on a combination of Chinese and Indian martial arts,[5] practitioners claim they date back two thousand years. In Thailand, Muay Thai evolved from muay boran (ancient boxing), an unarmed combat method which would probably have been used by Siamese soldiers after losing their weapons in battle. Some believe that the ancient Siamese military created Muay Boran from the weapon-based art of krabi krabong but others contend that the two were merely developed alongside each other. Krabi krabong nevertheless was an important influence on Muay Boran and so Muay Thai as can be seen in several kicks, holds and the movements in the wai khru which have their origins in armed combat.
Muay Boran, and therefore Muay Thai, was originally called toi muay or simply muay. As well as being a practical fighting technique for use in actual warfare, muay became a sport in which the opponents fought in front of spectators who went to watch for entertainment. These muay contests gradually became an integral part of local festivals and celebrations, especially those held at temples. It was even used as entertainment for kings. Eventually, the previously bare-fisted fighters started wearing lengths of hemp rope around their hands and forearms. This type of match was called muay khat chueak (มวยคาดเชือก).
Muay gradually became a possible means of personal advancement as the nobility increasingly esteemed skillful practitioners of the art and invited selected fighters to come to live in the royal palace to teach muay to the staff of the royal household, soldiers, princes or the king's personal guards.[citation needed] This "royal muay" was called muay luang (มวยหลวง). Some time during the Ayutthaya period, a platoon of royal guards was established, whose duty was to protect king and the country. They were known as Krom Nak Muay ("Muay Kick-Fighters' Regiment"). This royal patronage of kick-muay continued through the reigns of Rama V and VII.
[edit] Modernization
Ascension of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to the throne in 1868 ushered in a golden age not only for muay but for the whole country of Thailand. Muay progressed greatly during the reign of Rama V as a direct result of the king's personal interest in the art. The country was at peace and muay functioned as a means of physical exercise, self-defense, recreation, and personal advancement.[citation needed] Masters of the art began teaching muay in training camps where students were provided with food and shelter. Trainees would be treated as one family and it was customary for students to adopt the camp's name as their own surname. Scouts would be sent by the royal family to organise matches between different camps.
King Rama the VII pushed for codified rules for Muay Thai, and they were put into place. Thailand's first boxing ring was built in 1921 at Suan Kularp. Referees were introduced and rounds were now timed by kick. Fighters at the Lumpinee Kickboxing Stadium began wearing modern gloves during training and in boxing matches against foreigners. Rope-binding was still used in fights between Thais but after the occurrence of a death in the ring, it was decided that fighters should wear gloves and cotton coverlets over the feet and ankles. It was also around this time that the term Muay Thai became commonly used while the older form of the style was referred to as muay boran. With the success of Muay Thai in the mixed martial arts, it has become the de facto style of choice for competitive stand-up fighters. As a result, western practitioners have incorporated much more powerful hand striking techniques from boxing although some Thai purists accuse them of diluting the art.
[edit] Nai Khanomtom
The most popular folklore regarding muay boran is that of Nai Khanomtom.
At the time of the fall of the ancient Siam capital of Ayutthaya in 1767, the invading Burmese troops rounded up thousands of Thais and took them to Burma as prisoners. Among them were a large number of Thai kickboxers, who were taken to the city of Ava.
In 1774, in the Burmese city of Rangoon, the Burmese King Hsinbyushin (known in Thai as "King Mangra") decided to organize a seven-day, seven-night religious festival in honor of Buddha's relics. The festivities included many forms of entertainment, such as the costume plays called likay, comedies and farces, and sword-fighting matches. At one point, King Hsinbyushin wanted to see how muay boran would compare to the Burmese art Lethwei[citation needed]. Nai Khanomtom was selected to fight against the Burmese champion. The boxing ring was set up in front of the throne and Nai Khanomtom did a traditional Wai Kru pre-fight dance, to pay his respects to his teachers and ancestors, as well as the spectators, dancing around his opponent. This amazed and perplexed the Burmese people, who thought it was black magic. When the fight began, Nai Khanomtom charged out, using punches, kicks, elbows, and knees to pummel his opponent until he collapsed.
However the Burmese referee said the Burmese champion was too distracted by the kick, and declared the knockout invalid. The King then asked if Nai Khanomtom would fight nine other Burmese champions to prove himself. He agreed and fought them all, one after the other with no rest periods in between. His last opponent was a great kickboxing teacher from Rakhine. Nai Khanomtom mangled him by his kicks and no one else dared to challenge him.
King Mangra was so impressed that he allegedly remarked, "Every part of the Thai is blessed with venom. Even with his bare hands, he can fell nine or ten opponents. But his Lord was incompetent and lost the country to the enemy. If he would have been any good, there was no way the City of Ayutthaya would ever have fallen."[citation needed]
King Mangra granted Nai Khanomtom freedom along with either riches or two beautiful Burmese wives. Nai Khanomtom chose the wives as he said that money was easier to find. He then departed with his wives for Siam. Other variations of this story had him also winning the release of his fellow Thai prisoners. His feat is celebrated every March 17 as Boxer's Day or National Muay Boran Day in his honor and that of muay boran's.
Today, some have wrongly attributed the legend of Nai Khanomtom to King Naresuan, who was once taken by the Burmese. However, Nai Khanomtom and King Naresuan were almost two centuries apart.
[edit] Techniques
Muay Thai match in Bangkok, Thailand.
Formal Muay Thai techniques are divided into two groups: mae mai or major techniques and luk mai or minor techniques. Muay Thai is often a fighting art of attrition, where opponents exchange blows with one another. This is certainly the case with traditional stylists in Thailand, but is a less popular form of fighting in the contemporary world fighting circuit where the Thai style of exchanging blow for blow is no longer favorable. Almost all techniques in Muay Thai use the entire body movement, rotating the hip with each kick, punch, elbow and block.
[edit] Punching (Chok)
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Jab
หมัดตรง
Mat trong
[màt troŋ] cross
Hook
หมัดเหวี่ยงสั้น
Mat wiang san
[màt wìaŋ sân]
Swing
หมัดเหวี่ยงยาว
Mat wiang yao
[màt wìaŋ jaːw]
Spinning Backfist
หมัดเหวี่ยงกลับ
Mat wiang klap
[màt wìaŋ klàp]
Uppercut
หมัดเสย/หมัดสอยดาว
Mat soei/Mat soi dao
[màt sɤ̌j]/[màt sɔ̌j daːw]
Cobra
กระโดดชก
Kradot chok
[kradòːt tɕʰók]
The punch techniques in Muay Thai were originally quite limited being crosses and a long (or lazy) circular strike made with a straight (but not locked) arm and landing with the heel of the palm. Cross-fertilization with Western boxing and western martial arts mean the full range of western boxing punches are now used: lead jab, straight/cross, hook, uppercut, shovel and corkscrew punches and overhands as well as hammer fists and back fists.
As a tactic, body punching is used less in Muay Thai than most other striking martial arts to avoid exposing the attacker's head to counter strikes from knees or elbows. To utilise the range of targeting points, in keeping with the centre line theory, the fighter can use either the Western or Thai stance which allows for either long range or short range attacks to be undertaken effectively without compromising guard.
[edit] Elbow (Ti sok)
The elbow can be used in several ways as a striking weapon: horizontal, diagonal-upwards, diagonal-downwards, uppercut, downward, backward-spinning and flying. From the side it can be used as either a finishing move or as a way to cut the opponent's eyebrow so that blood might block his vision. The diagonal elbows are faster than the other forms, but are less powerful.
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Elbow Slash
ศอกตี
Sok ti
[sɔ̀ːk tiː]
Horizontal Elbow
ศอกตัด
Sok tat
[sɔ̀ːk tàt]
Uppercut Elbow
ศอกงัด
Sok ngat
[sɔ̀ːk ŋát]
Forward Elbow Thrust
ศอกพุ่ง
Sok phung
[sɔ̀ːk pʰûŋ]
Reverse Horizontal Elbow
ศอกเหวี่ยงกลับ
Sok wiang klap
[sɔ̀ːk wìaŋ klàp]
Spinning Elbow
ศอกกลับ
Sok klap
[sɔ̀ːk klàp]
Elbow Chop
ศอกสับ
Sok sap
[sɔ̀ːk sàp]
Double Elbow Chop
ศอกกลับคู่
Sok klap khu
[sɔ̀ːk klàp kʰûː]
Mid-Air Elbow Strike
กระโดดศอก
Kradot sok
[kradòːt sɔ̀ːk]
There is also a distinct difference between a single elbow and a follow-up elbow. The single elbow is an elbow move independent from any other move, whereas a follow-up elbow is the second strike from the same arm, being a hook or straight punch first with an elbow follow-up. Such elbows, and most other elbow strikes, are used when the distance between fighters becomes too small and there is too little space to throw a hook at the opponent's head. Elbows can also be utilized to great effect as blocks or defenses against, for example, spring knees, side body knees, body kicks or punches.
[edit] Kicking (Te)
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Straight Kick
เตะตรง
Te trong
[tèʔ troŋ]
Roundhouse Kick
เตะตัด
Te tat
[tèʔ tàt]
Diagonal Kick
เตะเฉียง
Te chiang
[tèʔ tɕʰǐaŋ]
Half-Shin, Half-Knee Kick
เตะครึ่งแข้งครึ่งเข่า
Te khrueng khaeng khrueng khao
[tèʔ kʰrɯ̂ŋ kʰɛ̂ŋ kʰrɯ̂ŋ kʰàw]
Spinning Heel Kick
เตะกลับหลัง
Te klap lang
[tèʔ klàp lǎŋ]
Down Roundhouse Kick
เตะกด
Te kot
[tèʔ kòt]
Axe Heel Kick
เตะเข่า
Te khao
[tèʔ kʰàw]
Jump Kick
กระโดดเตะ
Kradot te
[kradòːt tèʔ]
Step-Up Kick
เขยิบเตะ
Khayoep te
[kʰa.jɤ̀p tèʔ]
The two most common kicks in Muay Thai are known as the thip (literally "foot jab") and the te chiang (kicking upwards in the shape of a triangle cutting under the arm and ribs) or angle kick. The Muay Thai angle kick uses a rotational movement of the entire body and has been widely adopted by practitioners of other martial arts. It is superficially similar to a karate roundhouse kick, but omits the rotation of the lower leg from the knee used in other striking martial arts like most karate or taekwondo because like Kyukushin, Goju, and Kenpo it is done from a circular stance with the back leg just a little ways back in comparison to instinctive upper body fighting (boxing). This comes with the added risk of having the groin vulnerable at all times which is against Karate and Tae Kwon Do ideology in general except for brief moments after a kick for example. The angle kick draws its power entirely from the rotational movement of the body; the hips. It is thought many fighters use a counter rotation of the arms to intensify the power of this kick, but in actuality the power is from the hips and the arms are put in said position to get them out of the way.
If a roundhouse kick is attempted by the opponent, the Thai boxer will normally check the kick, that is he will block the kick with his own shin. Thai boxers are trained to always connect with the shin. The foot contains many fine bones and is much weaker. A fighter may end up hurting himself if he tries to strike with his foot or instep.
Muay Thai also includes other varieties of kicking such as the side kick and spinning back kick. These kicks are only used in bouts by some fighters.
[edit] Knee (Ti khao)[6]
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Straight Knee Strike
เข่าตรง
Khao trong
[kʰàw troŋ]
Diagonal Knee Strike
เข่าเฉียง
Khao chiang
[kʰàw tɕʰǐaŋ]
Curving Knee Strike
เข่าโค้ง
Khao khong
[kʰàw kʰóːŋ]
Horizontal Knee Strike
เข่าตัด
Khao tat
[kʰàw tàt]
Knee Slap
เข่าตบ
Khao top
[kʰàw tòp]
Knee Bomb
เข่ายาว
Khao yao
[kʰàw jaːw]
flying Knee
เข่าลอย
Khao loi
[kʰàw lɔːj]
Step-Up Knee Strike
เข่าเหยียบ
Khao yiap
[kʰàw jìap]
Khao dot [kʰàw dòːt] (Jumping knee strike) – the boxer jumps up on one leg and strikes with that leg's knee.
Khao loi (Flying knee strike) – the boxer takes a step(s), jumps forward and off one leg and strikes with that leg's knee.
Khao thon [kʰàw tʰoːn] (Straight knee strike) – the boxer simply thrusts it forward but not upwards, unless he is holding an opponents head down in a clinch and intend to knee upwards into the face. According to one written source, this technique is somewhat more recent than khao dot or khao loi.[citation needed] Supposedly, when the Thai boxers fought with rope-bound hands rather than the modern boxing gloves, this particular technique was subject to potentially vicious cutting, slicing and sawing by an alert opponent who would block it or deflect it with the sharp "rope-glove" edges which are sometimes dipped in water to make the rope much stronger. This explanation also holds true for some of the following knee strikes below as well.
[edit] Foot-thrust (Thip)
The foot-thrust or literally "foot jab" is one of the techniques in Muay Thai. It is mainly used as a defensive technique to control distance or block attacks. Foot-thrusts should be thrown quickly but yet with enough force to knock an opponent off balance.
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Straight Foot-Thrust
ถีบตรง
Thip trong
[tʰìːp troŋ] [7]
Sideways Foot-Thrust
ถีบข้าง
Thip khang
[tʰìːp kʰâːŋ]
Reverse Foot-Thrust
ถีบกลับหลัง
Thip klap lang
[tʰìːp klàp lǎŋ]
Slapping Foot-Thrust
ถีบตบ
Thip top
[tʰìːp tòp]
Jumping Foot-Thrust
กระโดดถีบ
Kradot thip
[kradòːt tʰìːp]
[edit] Clinch & Neck Wrestling (Chap kho)
See also: Muay Thai clinch
In Western boxing the two fighters are separated when they clinch; in Muay Thai, however, they are not. It is often in the clinch where knee and elbow techniques are used. To strike and bind the opponent for both offensive and defensive purposes, small amounts of stand-up grappling are used in the clinch. The front clinch should be performed with the palm of one hand on the back of the other. There are three reasons why the fingers must not be intertwined. 1) In the ring fighters are wearing boxing gloves and cannot intertwine their fingers. 2) The Thai front clinch involves pressing the head of the opponent downwards, which is easier if the hands are locked behind the back of the head instead of behind the neck. Furthermore the arms should be putting as much pressure on the neck as possible. 3) A fighter may incur an injury to one or more fingers if they are intertwined, and it becomes more difficult to release the grip in order to quickly elbow the opponent's head.
A correct clinch also involves the fighter's forearms pressing against the opponent's collar bone while the hands are around the opponent's head rather than the opponent's neck. The general way to get out of a clinch is to push the opponent's head backwards or elbow them, as the clinch requires both participants to be very close to one another. Additionally, the non-dominant clincher can try to "swim" their arm underneath and inside the opponent's clinch, establishing the previously non-dominant clincher as the dominant clincher.
Muay Thai has several other variants of the clinch or chap kho [tɕàp kʰɔː], including:
arm clinch: One or both hands controls the inside of the defender's arm(s) and where the second hand if free is in the front clinch position. This clinch is used to briefly control the opponent before applying a knee strike or throw
side clinch: One arm passes around the front of the defender with the attacker's shoulder pressed into the defender's arm pit and the other arm passing round the back which allows the attacker to apply knee strikes to the defender's back or to throw the defender readily.
low clinch: Both controlling arms pass under the defender's arms, which is generally used by the shorter of two opponents.
swan-neck: One hand around the rear of the neck is used to briefly clinch an opponent before a strike.[citation needed]
[edit] Defense against attacks
Defenses in Muay Thai are categorized in 6 groups:
Blocking – defender's hard blocks to stop a strike in its path so preventing it reaching its target (e.g. the shin block described in more detail below)
Redirection – defender's soft parries to change the direction of a strike (e.g. a downwards tap to a jab) so that it misses the target
Avoidance – moving a body part out of the way or range of a strike so the defender remains in range for a counter-strike. For example, the defender moves their front leg backwards to avoid the attacker's low kick, then immediately counters with an angle kick. Or the defender might lay their head back from the attacker's high angle kick then counter-attacks with a side kick.
Evasion – moving the body out of the way or range of a strike so the defender has to move close again to counter-attack, e.g. defender jumping back from attacker's kicks
Disruption – Pre-empting an attack e.g. with defender using disruptive techniques like jab, foot-thrust or low angle kick (to the inside of the attacker's front leg) as the attacker attempts to close distance
Anticipation – Defender catching a strike (e.g. catching an angle kick to the body) or countering it before it lands (e.g. defender's low kick to the supporting leg below as the attacker initiates a high angle kick).
[edit] Punches and kicks
Defensively, the concept of "wall of defence" is used, in which shoulders, arms and legs are used to hinder the attacker from successfully executing techniques. Blocking is a critical element in Muay Thai and compounds the level of conditioning a successful practitioner must possess. Low and mid body roundhouse kicks are normally blocked with the upper portion of a raised shin. High body strikes are blocked with the forearm, glove, elbow or shin. Mid section roundhouse kicks can also be caught/trapped, allowing for a sweep or counter attack to the remaining leg of the opponent. Punches are blocked with an ordinary boxing guard and techniques similar, if not identical, to basic boxing technique. A common means of blocking a punch is using the hand on the same side as the oncoming punch. For example, if an orthodox fighter throws a jab (being the left hand), the defender will make a slight tap to redirect the punch's angle with the right hand. The deflection is always as small and precise as possible to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure and return the hand to the guard as quickly as possible. Hooks are most often blocked with a motion most often described as "combing the hair", that is, raising the elbow forward and effectively shielding the head with the forearm, flexed biceps and shoulder. More advanced Muay Thai blocks are usually counters, used to damage the opponent to prevent another attack being made.
[edit] Conditioning
A fighter punching a heavy bag in a training camp in Thailand.
Like most competitive full contact fighting sports, Muay Thai has a heavy focus on body conditioning. Muay Thai is specifically designed to promote the level of fitness and toughness required for ring competition. Training regimens include many staples of combat sport conditioning such as running, shadowboxing, rope jumping, body weight resistance exercises, medicine ball exercises, abdominal exercises, and in some cases weight training. Muay Thai practitioners typically apply Namman Muay liberally before and after their intense training sessions.
Training that is specific to a Muay Thai fighter includes training with coaches on Thai pads, focus mitts, heavy bag, and sparring. The daily training includes many rounds (3-5 minute periods broken up by a short rest, often 1–2 minutes) of these various methods of practice. Thai pad training is a cornerstone of Muay Thai conditioning which involves practicing punches, kicks, knees, and elbow strikes with a trainer wearing thick pads which cover the forearms and hands. These special pads are used to absorb the impact of the fighter’s strikes and allow the fighter to react to the attacks of the pad holder in an Alive manner. The trainer will often also wear a belly pad around the abdominal area so that the fighter can attack with straight kicks or knees to the body at anytime during the round.
Focus mitts are specific to training a fighter’s hand speed, punch combinations, timing, punching power, defense, and counter-punching and may also be used to practice elbow strikes. Heavy bag training is a conditioning and power exercise that reinforces the techniques practiced on the pads. Sparring is a means to test technique, skills, range, strategy, and timing against a partner. Sparring is often a light to medium contact exercise because competitive fighters on a full schedule are not advised to risk injury by sparring hard. Specific tactics and strategies can be trained with sparring including in close fighting, clinching and kneeing only, cutting off the ring, or using reach and distance to keep an aggressive fighter away.
Due to the rigorous training regimen (some Thai boxers fight almost every other week) professional Muay Thai fighters have relatively short careers in the ring. Many retire from competition to begin instructing the next generation of Thai fighters. It is a common myth that Thai boxing causes arthritis[citation needed]; this is not true, and it is in no way more damaging to the body than other sport or even running. Most professional Thai boxers come from the lower economic backgrounds, and the fight money (after the other parties get their cut) is sought as means of support for the fighters and their families. Very few higher economic strata Thais join the professional Muay Thai ranks; they usually either don't practice the sport or practice it only as amateur Muay Thai boxers.
[edit] Rules
Muay Thai is practiced in many different countries and there are different rules depending on what country the fight is in and under what organization the fight is arranged. The following is a link to the rules section of the Sports Authority of Thailand.
[edit] Use in other martial arts or combat sports
[edit] Mixed Martial Arts
Muay Thai, like boxing, and various forms of kickboxing is a very common striking base within MMA. Fighters such as Anderson Silva, Wanderlei Silva, Mauricio Rua, Paul Daley, Gina Carano, among others are well known for their Thaiboxing backgrounds. Countless other mixed martial artists have trained in Muay Thai.
Many techniques associated with Muay Thai are often seen in MMA, such as elbows, clinch fighting, leg kicks and knees.
[edit]
The word muay derives from the Sanskrit mavya and Thai comes from the word Tai. Muay Thai is referred to as the "Art of Eight Limbs" or the "Science Of Eight Limbs" because it makes use of punches, kicks, elbows and knee strikes, thus using eight "points of contact", as opposed to "two points" (fists) in Western boxing and "four points" (hands and feet) used in sport-oriented martial arts. A practitioner of Muay Thai is known as a nak muay. Western practitioners are sometimes called nak muay farang meaning foreign boxer.[3]
Contents[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Modernization
1.3 Nai Khanomtom
2 Techniques
2.1 Punching (Chok)
2.2 Elbow (Ti sok)
2.3 Kicking (Te)
2.4 Knee (Ti khao)[6]
2.5 Foot-thrust (Thip)
2.6 Clinch & Neck Wrestling (Chap kho)
2.7 Defense against attacks
2.7.1 Punches and kicks
3 Conditioning
4 Rules
5 Use in other martial arts or combat sports
5.1 Mixed Martial Arts
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
[edit] History
[edit] Origins
Praying before the match.
Thai boxing has been around for over a thousand years, However, it can be traced back using records to 400 years ago in the former capital of Thailand known as Ayuthaya. [4] Various forms of kickboxing have long been practiced throughout mainland Southeast Asia. Based on a combination of Chinese and Indian martial arts,[5] practitioners claim they date back two thousand years. In Thailand, Muay Thai evolved from muay boran (ancient boxing), an unarmed combat method which would probably have been used by Siamese soldiers after losing their weapons in battle. Some believe that the ancient Siamese military created Muay Boran from the weapon-based art of krabi krabong but others contend that the two were merely developed alongside each other. Krabi krabong nevertheless was an important influence on Muay Boran and so Muay Thai as can be seen in several kicks, holds and the movements in the wai khru which have their origins in armed combat.
Muay Boran, and therefore Muay Thai, was originally called toi muay or simply muay. As well as being a practical fighting technique for use in actual warfare, muay became a sport in which the opponents fought in front of spectators who went to watch for entertainment. These muay contests gradually became an integral part of local festivals and celebrations, especially those held at temples. It was even used as entertainment for kings. Eventually, the previously bare-fisted fighters started wearing lengths of hemp rope around their hands and forearms. This type of match was called muay khat chueak (มวยคาดเชือก).
Muay gradually became a possible means of personal advancement as the nobility increasingly esteemed skillful practitioners of the art and invited selected fighters to come to live in the royal palace to teach muay to the staff of the royal household, soldiers, princes or the king's personal guards.[citation needed] This "royal muay" was called muay luang (มวยหลวง). Some time during the Ayutthaya period, a platoon of royal guards was established, whose duty was to protect king and the country. They were known as Krom Nak Muay ("Muay Kick-Fighters' Regiment"). This royal patronage of kick-muay continued through the reigns of Rama V and VII.
[edit] Modernization
Ascension of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to the throne in 1868 ushered in a golden age not only for muay but for the whole country of Thailand. Muay progressed greatly during the reign of Rama V as a direct result of the king's personal interest in the art. The country was at peace and muay functioned as a means of physical exercise, self-defense, recreation, and personal advancement.[citation needed] Masters of the art began teaching muay in training camps where students were provided with food and shelter. Trainees would be treated as one family and it was customary for students to adopt the camp's name as their own surname. Scouts would be sent by the royal family to organise matches between different camps.
King Rama the VII pushed for codified rules for Muay Thai, and they were put into place. Thailand's first boxing ring was built in 1921 at Suan Kularp. Referees were introduced and rounds were now timed by kick. Fighters at the Lumpinee Kickboxing Stadium began wearing modern gloves during training and in boxing matches against foreigners. Rope-binding was still used in fights between Thais but after the occurrence of a death in the ring, it was decided that fighters should wear gloves and cotton coverlets over the feet and ankles. It was also around this time that the term Muay Thai became commonly used while the older form of the style was referred to as muay boran. With the success of Muay Thai in the mixed martial arts, it has become the de facto style of choice for competitive stand-up fighters. As a result, western practitioners have incorporated much more powerful hand striking techniques from boxing although some Thai purists accuse them of diluting the art.
[edit] Nai Khanomtom
The most popular folklore regarding muay boran is that of Nai Khanomtom.
At the time of the fall of the ancient Siam capital of Ayutthaya in 1767, the invading Burmese troops rounded up thousands of Thais and took them to Burma as prisoners. Among them were a large number of Thai kickboxers, who were taken to the city of Ava.
In 1774, in the Burmese city of Rangoon, the Burmese King Hsinbyushin (known in Thai as "King Mangra") decided to organize a seven-day, seven-night religious festival in honor of Buddha's relics. The festivities included many forms of entertainment, such as the costume plays called likay, comedies and farces, and sword-fighting matches. At one point, King Hsinbyushin wanted to see how muay boran would compare to the Burmese art Lethwei[citation needed]. Nai Khanomtom was selected to fight against the Burmese champion. The boxing ring was set up in front of the throne and Nai Khanomtom did a traditional Wai Kru pre-fight dance, to pay his respects to his teachers and ancestors, as well as the spectators, dancing around his opponent. This amazed and perplexed the Burmese people, who thought it was black magic. When the fight began, Nai Khanomtom charged out, using punches, kicks, elbows, and knees to pummel his opponent until he collapsed.
However the Burmese referee said the Burmese champion was too distracted by the kick, and declared the knockout invalid. The King then asked if Nai Khanomtom would fight nine other Burmese champions to prove himself. He agreed and fought them all, one after the other with no rest periods in between. His last opponent was a great kickboxing teacher from Rakhine. Nai Khanomtom mangled him by his kicks and no one else dared to challenge him.
King Mangra was so impressed that he allegedly remarked, "Every part of the Thai is blessed with venom. Even with his bare hands, he can fell nine or ten opponents. But his Lord was incompetent and lost the country to the enemy. If he would have been any good, there was no way the City of Ayutthaya would ever have fallen."[citation needed]
King Mangra granted Nai Khanomtom freedom along with either riches or two beautiful Burmese wives. Nai Khanomtom chose the wives as he said that money was easier to find. He then departed with his wives for Siam. Other variations of this story had him also winning the release of his fellow Thai prisoners. His feat is celebrated every March 17 as Boxer's Day or National Muay Boran Day in his honor and that of muay boran's.
Today, some have wrongly attributed the legend of Nai Khanomtom to King Naresuan, who was once taken by the Burmese. However, Nai Khanomtom and King Naresuan were almost two centuries apart.
[edit] Techniques
Muay Thai match in Bangkok, Thailand.
Formal Muay Thai techniques are divided into two groups: mae mai or major techniques and luk mai or minor techniques. Muay Thai is often a fighting art of attrition, where opponents exchange blows with one another. This is certainly the case with traditional stylists in Thailand, but is a less popular form of fighting in the contemporary world fighting circuit where the Thai style of exchanging blow for blow is no longer favorable. Almost all techniques in Muay Thai use the entire body movement, rotating the hip with each kick, punch, elbow and block.
[edit] Punching (Chok)
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Jab
หมัดตรง
Mat trong
[màt troŋ] cross
Hook
หมัดเหวี่ยงสั้น
Mat wiang san
[màt wìaŋ sân]
Swing
หมัดเหวี่ยงยาว
Mat wiang yao
[màt wìaŋ jaːw]
Spinning Backfist
หมัดเหวี่ยงกลับ
Mat wiang klap
[màt wìaŋ klàp]
Uppercut
หมัดเสย/หมัดสอยดาว
Mat soei/Mat soi dao
[màt sɤ̌j]/[màt sɔ̌j daːw]
Cobra
กระโดดชก
Kradot chok
[kradòːt tɕʰók]
The punch techniques in Muay Thai were originally quite limited being crosses and a long (or lazy) circular strike made with a straight (but not locked) arm and landing with the heel of the palm. Cross-fertilization with Western boxing and western martial arts mean the full range of western boxing punches are now used: lead jab, straight/cross, hook, uppercut, shovel and corkscrew punches and overhands as well as hammer fists and back fists.
As a tactic, body punching is used less in Muay Thai than most other striking martial arts to avoid exposing the attacker's head to counter strikes from knees or elbows. To utilise the range of targeting points, in keeping with the centre line theory, the fighter can use either the Western or Thai stance which allows for either long range or short range attacks to be undertaken effectively without compromising guard.
[edit] Elbow (Ti sok)
The elbow can be used in several ways as a striking weapon: horizontal, diagonal-upwards, diagonal-downwards, uppercut, downward, backward-spinning and flying. From the side it can be used as either a finishing move or as a way to cut the opponent's eyebrow so that blood might block his vision. The diagonal elbows are faster than the other forms, but are less powerful.
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Elbow Slash
ศอกตี
Sok ti
[sɔ̀ːk tiː]
Horizontal Elbow
ศอกตัด
Sok tat
[sɔ̀ːk tàt]
Uppercut Elbow
ศอกงัด
Sok ngat
[sɔ̀ːk ŋát]
Forward Elbow Thrust
ศอกพุ่ง
Sok phung
[sɔ̀ːk pʰûŋ]
Reverse Horizontal Elbow
ศอกเหวี่ยงกลับ
Sok wiang klap
[sɔ̀ːk wìaŋ klàp]
Spinning Elbow
ศอกกลับ
Sok klap
[sɔ̀ːk klàp]
Elbow Chop
ศอกสับ
Sok sap
[sɔ̀ːk sàp]
Double Elbow Chop
ศอกกลับคู่
Sok klap khu
[sɔ̀ːk klàp kʰûː]
Mid-Air Elbow Strike
กระโดดศอก
Kradot sok
[kradòːt sɔ̀ːk]
There is also a distinct difference between a single elbow and a follow-up elbow. The single elbow is an elbow move independent from any other move, whereas a follow-up elbow is the second strike from the same arm, being a hook or straight punch first with an elbow follow-up. Such elbows, and most other elbow strikes, are used when the distance between fighters becomes too small and there is too little space to throw a hook at the opponent's head. Elbows can also be utilized to great effect as blocks or defenses against, for example, spring knees, side body knees, body kicks or punches.
[edit] Kicking (Te)
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Straight Kick
เตะตรง
Te trong
[tèʔ troŋ]
Roundhouse Kick
เตะตัด
Te tat
[tèʔ tàt]
Diagonal Kick
เตะเฉียง
Te chiang
[tèʔ tɕʰǐaŋ]
Half-Shin, Half-Knee Kick
เตะครึ่งแข้งครึ่งเข่า
Te khrueng khaeng khrueng khao
[tèʔ kʰrɯ̂ŋ kʰɛ̂ŋ kʰrɯ̂ŋ kʰàw]
Spinning Heel Kick
เตะกลับหลัง
Te klap lang
[tèʔ klàp lǎŋ]
Down Roundhouse Kick
เตะกด
Te kot
[tèʔ kòt]
Axe Heel Kick
เตะเข่า
Te khao
[tèʔ kʰàw]
Jump Kick
กระโดดเตะ
Kradot te
[kradòːt tèʔ]
Step-Up Kick
เขยิบเตะ
Khayoep te
[kʰa.jɤ̀p tèʔ]
The two most common kicks in Muay Thai are known as the thip (literally "foot jab") and the te chiang (kicking upwards in the shape of a triangle cutting under the arm and ribs) or angle kick. The Muay Thai angle kick uses a rotational movement of the entire body and has been widely adopted by practitioners of other martial arts. It is superficially similar to a karate roundhouse kick, but omits the rotation of the lower leg from the knee used in other striking martial arts like most karate or taekwondo because like Kyukushin, Goju, and Kenpo it is done from a circular stance with the back leg just a little ways back in comparison to instinctive upper body fighting (boxing). This comes with the added risk of having the groin vulnerable at all times which is against Karate and Tae Kwon Do ideology in general except for brief moments after a kick for example. The angle kick draws its power entirely from the rotational movement of the body; the hips. It is thought many fighters use a counter rotation of the arms to intensify the power of this kick, but in actuality the power is from the hips and the arms are put in said position to get them out of the way.
If a roundhouse kick is attempted by the opponent, the Thai boxer will normally check the kick, that is he will block the kick with his own shin. Thai boxers are trained to always connect with the shin. The foot contains many fine bones and is much weaker. A fighter may end up hurting himself if he tries to strike with his foot or instep.
Muay Thai also includes other varieties of kicking such as the side kick and spinning back kick. These kicks are only used in bouts by some fighters.
[edit] Knee (Ti khao)[6]
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Straight Knee Strike
เข่าตรง
Khao trong
[kʰàw troŋ]
Diagonal Knee Strike
เข่าเฉียง
Khao chiang
[kʰàw tɕʰǐaŋ]
Curving Knee Strike
เข่าโค้ง
Khao khong
[kʰàw kʰóːŋ]
Horizontal Knee Strike
เข่าตัด
Khao tat
[kʰàw tàt]
Knee Slap
เข่าตบ
Khao top
[kʰàw tòp]
Knee Bomb
เข่ายาว
Khao yao
[kʰàw jaːw]
flying Knee
เข่าลอย
Khao loi
[kʰàw lɔːj]
Step-Up Knee Strike
เข่าเหยียบ
Khao yiap
[kʰàw jìap]
Khao dot [kʰàw dòːt] (Jumping knee strike) – the boxer jumps up on one leg and strikes with that leg's knee.
Khao loi (Flying knee strike) – the boxer takes a step(s), jumps forward and off one leg and strikes with that leg's knee.
Khao thon [kʰàw tʰoːn] (Straight knee strike) – the boxer simply thrusts it forward but not upwards, unless he is holding an opponents head down in a clinch and intend to knee upwards into the face. According to one written source, this technique is somewhat more recent than khao dot or khao loi.[citation needed] Supposedly, when the Thai boxers fought with rope-bound hands rather than the modern boxing gloves, this particular technique was subject to potentially vicious cutting, slicing and sawing by an alert opponent who would block it or deflect it with the sharp "rope-glove" edges which are sometimes dipped in water to make the rope much stronger. This explanation also holds true for some of the following knee strikes below as well.
[edit] Foot-thrust (Thip)
The foot-thrust or literally "foot jab" is one of the techniques in Muay Thai. It is mainly used as a defensive technique to control distance or block attacks. Foot-thrusts should be thrown quickly but yet with enough force to knock an opponent off balance.
English
Thai
Romanization
IPA
Straight Foot-Thrust
ถีบตรง
Thip trong
[tʰìːp troŋ] [7]
Sideways Foot-Thrust
ถีบข้าง
Thip khang
[tʰìːp kʰâːŋ]
Reverse Foot-Thrust
ถีบกลับหลัง
Thip klap lang
[tʰìːp klàp lǎŋ]
Slapping Foot-Thrust
ถีบตบ
Thip top
[tʰìːp tòp]
Jumping Foot-Thrust
กระโดดถีบ
Kradot thip
[kradòːt tʰìːp]
[edit] Clinch & Neck Wrestling (Chap kho)
See also: Muay Thai clinch
In Western boxing the two fighters are separated when they clinch; in Muay Thai, however, they are not. It is often in the clinch where knee and elbow techniques are used. To strike and bind the opponent for both offensive and defensive purposes, small amounts of stand-up grappling are used in the clinch. The front clinch should be performed with the palm of one hand on the back of the other. There are three reasons why the fingers must not be intertwined. 1) In the ring fighters are wearing boxing gloves and cannot intertwine their fingers. 2) The Thai front clinch involves pressing the head of the opponent downwards, which is easier if the hands are locked behind the back of the head instead of behind the neck. Furthermore the arms should be putting as much pressure on the neck as possible. 3) A fighter may incur an injury to one or more fingers if they are intertwined, and it becomes more difficult to release the grip in order to quickly elbow the opponent's head.
A correct clinch also involves the fighter's forearms pressing against the opponent's collar bone while the hands are around the opponent's head rather than the opponent's neck. The general way to get out of a clinch is to push the opponent's head backwards or elbow them, as the clinch requires both participants to be very close to one another. Additionally, the non-dominant clincher can try to "swim" their arm underneath and inside the opponent's clinch, establishing the previously non-dominant clincher as the dominant clincher.
Muay Thai has several other variants of the clinch or chap kho [tɕàp kʰɔː], including:
arm clinch: One or both hands controls the inside of the defender's arm(s) and where the second hand if free is in the front clinch position. This clinch is used to briefly control the opponent before applying a knee strike or throw
side clinch: One arm passes around the front of the defender with the attacker's shoulder pressed into the defender's arm pit and the other arm passing round the back which allows the attacker to apply knee strikes to the defender's back or to throw the defender readily.
low clinch: Both controlling arms pass under the defender's arms, which is generally used by the shorter of two opponents.
swan-neck: One hand around the rear of the neck is used to briefly clinch an opponent before a strike.[citation needed]
[edit] Defense against attacks
Defenses in Muay Thai are categorized in 6 groups:
Blocking – defender's hard blocks to stop a strike in its path so preventing it reaching its target (e.g. the shin block described in more detail below)
Redirection – defender's soft parries to change the direction of a strike (e.g. a downwards tap to a jab) so that it misses the target
Avoidance – moving a body part out of the way or range of a strike so the defender remains in range for a counter-strike. For example, the defender moves their front leg backwards to avoid the attacker's low kick, then immediately counters with an angle kick. Or the defender might lay their head back from the attacker's high angle kick then counter-attacks with a side kick.
Evasion – moving the body out of the way or range of a strike so the defender has to move close again to counter-attack, e.g. defender jumping back from attacker's kicks
Disruption – Pre-empting an attack e.g. with defender using disruptive techniques like jab, foot-thrust or low angle kick (to the inside of the attacker's front leg) as the attacker attempts to close distance
Anticipation – Defender catching a strike (e.g. catching an angle kick to the body) or countering it before it lands (e.g. defender's low kick to the supporting leg below as the attacker initiates a high angle kick).
[edit] Punches and kicks
Defensively, the concept of "wall of defence" is used, in which shoulders, arms and legs are used to hinder the attacker from successfully executing techniques. Blocking is a critical element in Muay Thai and compounds the level of conditioning a successful practitioner must possess. Low and mid body roundhouse kicks are normally blocked with the upper portion of a raised shin. High body strikes are blocked with the forearm, glove, elbow or shin. Mid section roundhouse kicks can also be caught/trapped, allowing for a sweep or counter attack to the remaining leg of the opponent. Punches are blocked with an ordinary boxing guard and techniques similar, if not identical, to basic boxing technique. A common means of blocking a punch is using the hand on the same side as the oncoming punch. For example, if an orthodox fighter throws a jab (being the left hand), the defender will make a slight tap to redirect the punch's angle with the right hand. The deflection is always as small and precise as possible to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure and return the hand to the guard as quickly as possible. Hooks are most often blocked with a motion most often described as "combing the hair", that is, raising the elbow forward and effectively shielding the head with the forearm, flexed biceps and shoulder. More advanced Muay Thai blocks are usually counters, used to damage the opponent to prevent another attack being made.
[edit] Conditioning
A fighter punching a heavy bag in a training camp in Thailand.
Like most competitive full contact fighting sports, Muay Thai has a heavy focus on body conditioning. Muay Thai is specifically designed to promote the level of fitness and toughness required for ring competition. Training regimens include many staples of combat sport conditioning such as running, shadowboxing, rope jumping, body weight resistance exercises, medicine ball exercises, abdominal exercises, and in some cases weight training. Muay Thai practitioners typically apply Namman Muay liberally before and after their intense training sessions.
Training that is specific to a Muay Thai fighter includes training with coaches on Thai pads, focus mitts, heavy bag, and sparring. The daily training includes many rounds (3-5 minute periods broken up by a short rest, often 1–2 minutes) of these various methods of practice. Thai pad training is a cornerstone of Muay Thai conditioning which involves practicing punches, kicks, knees, and elbow strikes with a trainer wearing thick pads which cover the forearms and hands. These special pads are used to absorb the impact of the fighter’s strikes and allow the fighter to react to the attacks of the pad holder in an Alive manner. The trainer will often also wear a belly pad around the abdominal area so that the fighter can attack with straight kicks or knees to the body at anytime during the round.
Focus mitts are specific to training a fighter’s hand speed, punch combinations, timing, punching power, defense, and counter-punching and may also be used to practice elbow strikes. Heavy bag training is a conditioning and power exercise that reinforces the techniques practiced on the pads. Sparring is a means to test technique, skills, range, strategy, and timing against a partner. Sparring is often a light to medium contact exercise because competitive fighters on a full schedule are not advised to risk injury by sparring hard. Specific tactics and strategies can be trained with sparring including in close fighting, clinching and kneeing only, cutting off the ring, or using reach and distance to keep an aggressive fighter away.
Due to the rigorous training regimen (some Thai boxers fight almost every other week) professional Muay Thai fighters have relatively short careers in the ring. Many retire from competition to begin instructing the next generation of Thai fighters. It is a common myth that Thai boxing causes arthritis[citation needed]; this is not true, and it is in no way more damaging to the body than other sport or even running. Most professional Thai boxers come from the lower economic backgrounds, and the fight money (after the other parties get their cut) is sought as means of support for the fighters and their families. Very few higher economic strata Thais join the professional Muay Thai ranks; they usually either don't practice the sport or practice it only as amateur Muay Thai boxers.
[edit] Rules
Muay Thai is practiced in many different countries and there are different rules depending on what country the fight is in and under what organization the fight is arranged. The following is a link to the rules section of the Sports Authority of Thailand.
[edit] Use in other martial arts or combat sports
[edit] Mixed Martial Arts
Muay Thai, like boxing, and various forms of kickboxing is a very common striking base within MMA. Fighters such as Anderson Silva, Wanderlei Silva, Mauricio Rua, Paul Daley, Gina Carano, among others are well known for their Thaiboxing backgrounds. Countless other mixed martial artists have trained in Muay Thai.
Many techniques associated with Muay Thai are often seen in MMA, such as elbows, clinch fighting, leg kicks and knees.
[edit]
Langgan:
Catatan (Atom)
