LIST NAME PRIME MINISTER THAILAND.

List of Prime Ministers of Thailand

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Thailand

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Thailand

Monarchy[show]

Government[show]

National Assembly[show]

Judiciary[show]

Elections[show]

Constitution[show]

Subdivisions[show]

Related issues[show]

Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view · talk · edit

The Prime Minister of Thailand is the Head of Government of the Kingdom of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet of Thailand and represents the government at home and the country abroad.
The post of Prime Minister has existed since 1932, after a bloodless revolution, forced the absolutist King Prajadhipok to grant for the people of Siam their first constitution. Under the newly established constitutional monarchy, the first Prime Minister of Siam was Phraya Manopakorn Nititada. At first, the office was called the President of the People’s Committee, it was later changed to Prime Minister of Siam when the King deemed it too communistic.
Constitutionally the Prime Minister is required to be a member of the lower house of Parliament or the House of Representatives. He must also gain their approval through a resolution before an official appointment by the King can take place. As a result the Prime Minister might succumb to a vote of no confidence and removal in the House, however this has never happened up to date.
Throughout the post’s existence it has mostly been occupied by military leaders from the Royal Thai Army, three holding the rank of Field Marshal and seven the rank of General. The current Prime Minister is Abhisit Vejjajiva since December 17, 2008.
Note: the list includes Leaders of Military Juntas and Acting Prime Ministers, however they are not counted in the official list as provided by the Royal Thai Government

The Standard of the Prime Minister of Thailand

[edit] List of Heads of Government of the Kingdom of Thailand (1932-Present)

No.	Name (Life)	Cabinet	Term Start		Term Ends		Policy Date	Political Party
			Date	Reason	Date	Reason
King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) (25 November 1925 - 2 March 1935)
1	Phraya Manopakorn Nititada (1884-1948)	1	28 June 1932	House of Representatives Resolution	10 December 1932	New "Permanent" Constitution Promulgated	No Formal Policy Declaration	None
		2	10 December 1932	House of Representatives Resolution	1 April 1933	House Dissolution by emergency Royal Decree	20 December 1932
		3	1 April 1933	Royal Decree	21 June 1933	Removed by: 1933 coup d'état	1 April 1933
2	General Phot Phahonyothin (1889-1958)	4	21 June 1933	House of Representatives Resolution	16 December 1933	Mandated: 15 November General Election	26 June 1933	Khana Ratsadon, Military branch
		5	16 December 1933	House of Representatives Resolution	22 September 1934	Resignation: Parliamentary Disapproval of "Rubber Limitations Act"	25 December 1933
King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) (2 March 1935 - 9 June 1946)
(2)	General Phot Phahonyothin (1889-1958)	6	22 September 1934	House of Representatives Resolution	9 August 1937	Resignation: Crown Real-estate scandals	24 September 1934	Khana Ratsadon, Military branch
		7	9 August 1937	House of Representatives Resolution	21 December 1937	Term Ends: 7 November General Election	11 August 1937
		8	21 December 1937	House of Representatives Resolution	16 December 1938	Parliament Dissolution: 12 November General Election	December 23, 1937
3	Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram (1897-1964) (1st Term)	9	16 December 1938	House of Representatives Resolution	7 March 1942	Resignation: Cabinet Reshuffle	26 December 1938	Khana Ratsadon, Military branch
		10	7 March 1942	House of Representatives Resolution	1 August 1944	Resignation: Parliamentary Disapproval of "Petchaboon Municipality Act"	16 March 1942
4	Major Khuang Abhaiwongse (1902-1968) (1st Time)	11	1 August 1944	House of Representatives Resolution	31 August 1945	Resignation: Post-War Election	3 August 1944	Khana Ratsadon
5	Tawee Boonyaket (1904-1971)	12	31 August 1945	House of Representatives Resolution	17 September 1945	Resignation	1 September 1945	None
6	M.R. Seni Pramoj (1905-1997) (1st Time)	13	17 September 1945	Regency Council Command	31 January 1946	Resignation: conflicts within Cabinet	19 September 1945	Free Thai
(4)	Major Khuang Abhaiwongse (1902-1968) (2nd time)	14	31 January 1946	House of Representatives Resolution	24 March 1946	Resignation: Government Disapproval of Parliamentary Resolution	7 February 1946	Democrat Party
King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) (9 June 1946 - present)
7	Dr. Pridi Banomyong (1900-1983)	15	24 March 1946	House of Representatives Resolution	11 June 1946	Resignation: Constitution of 1946 Declaration	25 March 1946	Free Thai
		16	11 June 1946	House of Representatives Resolution	23 August 1946	Resignation: "Fatigue"	13 June 1946
8	Rear Admiral Thawal Thamrong Navaswadhi (1901-1988)	17	23 August 1946	House of Representatives Resolution	30 May 1947	Resignation (after 7 days of Parliament Session)	26 August 1946	Military
		18	30 May 1947	House of Representatives Resolution	8 November 1947	Removed by: 1947 coup d'état	5 June 1947
(4)	Major Khuang Abhaiwongse (1902-1968) (3rd Term)	19	10 November 1947	Great Cabinet Resolution	21 February 1948	Term Ends: 29 January, General Election	27 November 1947	Democrat Party
		20	21 February 1948	House of Representatives Resolution	8 April 1948	Resignation: under pressure from Coup Group	1 March 1948
(2)	Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsongkram (1897-1964) (2nd Time)	21	1 March 1948	House of Representatives Resolution	25 June 1949	Dissolution: 5 June General Election	21 April 1948	Military & Free Stone Seat Party
		22	25 June 1949	House of Representatives Resolution	29 November 1951	Re-appointed after: 1949 coup d'état	6 July 1949
		23	29 November 1951	Coup d'état Declaration	6 December 1951	Dissolution: 26 February General Election	No Formal Policies
		24	6 December 1951	House of Representatives Resolution	24 March 1952	-	11 December 1951
		25	24 March 1952	House of Representatives Resolution	21 March 1957	Term Ends: 26 February General Election	3 April 1952
		26	21 March 1957	House of Representatives Resolution	16 September 1957	Removed by: 1957 coup d'état	1 April 1957
Coup Group (Leader: Field Marshal Phin Choonhavan)			16 September 1957		21 September 1957		Military
9	Pote Sarasin (1905-2000)	27	21 September 1957	House of Representatives Resolution	1 January 1958	Dissolution: 15 December General Election	24 September 1957	None
10	Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (1911-2004) (1st Time)	28	1 January 1958	House of Representatives Resolution	20 October 1958	Resigned after: 1958 coup d'état	9 January 1958	Military
11	Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat (1909-1963) (Acting from 20 October to 10 February 1959)	29	9 February 1959	House of Representatives Resolution	8 December 1963	Died in office	12 February 1959	Military
(10)	Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (1911-2004) (2nd Time)	30	9 December 1963	House of Representatives Resolution	7 March 1969	Mandated: 10 February General Election	December 19, 1963	Military
		31	7 March 1969	House of Representatives Resolution	17 November 1971	Removed then re-appointed himself after: 1971 coup d'état	25 March 1969
National Executive Council (Leader: Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn)			18 November 1971		17 December 1972		Military
(10)	Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (1911-2004) (2nd Time (continued))	32	18 December 1972	House of Representatives Resolution	14 October 1973	Resigned after: 14 October 1973 Uprising	22 December 1972	Military
12	Sanya Thammasak (1907-2002)	33	14 October 1973	Royal Command	22 May 1974	Resignation: Incomplete Constitution Draft	25 October 1973	None
		34	27 May 1974	House of Representatives Resolution	15 February 1975	Mandated: 26 January General Election	7 June 1974
(6)	M.R. Seni Pramoj (1905-1997) (2nd Time)	35	15 February 1975	House of Representatives Resolution	14 March 1975	Parliament Disapproval of Formal Policy	6 March 1975	Democrat Party
13	M.R. Kukrit Pramoj (1911-1995)	36	14 March 1975	House of Representatives Resolution	20 April 1976	Dissolution: 4 April General Election	19 March 1975	Social Action Party
(6)	M.R. Seni Pramoj (1905-1997) (3rd Time)	37	20 April 1976	House of Representatives Resolution	25 September 1976	Resignation: Controversy of Thanom Kittikachorn's return from exile	30 April 1976	Democrat Party
		38	25 September 1976	House of Representatives Resolution	6 October 1976	Removed by: 1976 coup d'état	No Formal Policies
Administration Reform Council (Leader: Admiral Sangad Chaloryu)			6 October 1976		8 October 1976		Military
14	Thanin Kraivichien (1927-)	39	8 October 1976	Administration Reform Council Resolution	20 October 1977	Removed by:October 1977 coup d'état	29 October 1976	Military
15	General Kriangsak Chomanan (1917-2003)	40	11 November 1977	Coup d'état Declaration	12 May 1979	Dissolution: 22 April General Election	1 December 1977	Military
		41	12 May 1979	House of Representatives Resolution	3 March 1980	Resignation: Oil Crisis and Refugee Conflict	7 June 1979
16	General Prem Tinsulanonda (1920-)	42	3 March 1980	House of Representatives Resolution	30 April 1983	Dissolution: 19 January General Election	28 March 1980	Military
		43	30 April 1983	House of Representatives Resolution	5 August 1986	Dissolution: 1 May General Election	20 May 1983
		44	5 August 1986	House of Representatives Resolution	4 August 1988	Dissolution: 29 April General Election	27 August 1986
17	General Chatichai Choonhavan (1922-1998)	45	4 August 1988	House of Representatives Resolution	9 December 1990	Resignation: New Cabinet Formation	25 August 1988	Chart Thai Party
		46	9 December 1990	House of Representatives Resolution	23 February 1991	Removed by: 1991 coup d'état	9 January 1991
National Peace Keeping Council (Leader: General Sunthorn Kongsompong)			24 February 1991		2 March 1991		Military
18	Anand Panyarachun (1932-) (1st Time)	47	2 March 1991	National Peace Keeping Council Resolution	7 April 1992	Mandated: 22 March General Election	4 April 1991	None
19	General Suchinda Kraprayoon (1933-)	48	7 April 1992	House of Representatives Resolution	10 June 1992	Resigned due to: Black May event	6 May 1992	Military
	Meechai Ruchuphan (1938-) (Acting)	-	24 May 1992	Royal Command	10 June 1992	Resignation to make way for: Anand Panyarachun	No Policy Statement	None
(18)	Anand Panyarachun (1932-) (2nd Time)	49	10 June 1992	House of Representatives Resolution	23 September 1992	Dissolution: 22 September General Election	22 June 1992	None
20	Chuan Leekpai (1938-) (1st Time)	50	23 September 1992	House of Representatives Resolution	13 July 1995	Dissolution: May 19 General Election	21 October 1992	Democrat Party
21	Banharn Silpa-archa (1932-)	51	13 July 1995	House of Representatives Resolution	25 November 1996	Parliament Dissolution: 27 September General Election	26 July 1995	Chart Thai Party
22	General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh (1932-)	52	25 November 1996	House of Representatives Resolution	9 November 1997	Resignation: 1997 Asian Financial Crisis	11 December 1996	New Aspiration Party
(20)	Chuan Leekpai (1938-) (2nd Time)	53	9 November 1997	House of Representatives Resolution	9 February 2001	Term Ends: 6 January General Election	20 November 1997	Democrat Party
23	Former Police Lieutenant Colonel Thaksin Shinawatra (1949-)	54	9 February 2001	House of Representatives Resolution	9 March 2005	Term Ends: 6 February General Election	26 February 2001	Thai Rak Thai Party
		55	9 March 2005	House of Representatives Resolution	19 September 2006	Dissolution after 2005-2006 political crisis: 24 February 2006	March 23, 2005
	Police General Chitchai Wannasathit (1946-) (Acting)	-	5 April 2006	Royal Command	23 May 2006	Resigned after: 2 April General Election	No Policy Statement	Thai Rak Thai Party
	Former Police Lieutenant Colonel Thaksin Shinawatra (1949-) (caretaker PM)	-	23 May 2006	House of Representatives Resolution	19 September 2006	Removed by: 2006 coup d'état	No Policy Statement	Thai Rak Thai Party
Council for National Security (Leader: General Sonthi Boonyaratglin, then later Air Chief Marshal Chalit Pookpasuk)			19 September 2006		1 October 2006		Military
24	General Surayud Chulanont (1943-)	56	1 October 2006	Council for National Security Declaration	29 January 2008	By virtue of section 298 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007 Version)	3 November 2006	None
25	Samak Sundaravej (1935-2009)	57	29 January 2008	House of Representatives Resolution	8 September 2008	Constitutional Court ruling	18 February 2008	People's Power Party
26	Somchai Wongsawat (1947-) (Acting from 8 to 17 September 2008)	58	18 September 2008	House of Representatives Resolution	2 December 2008	Constitutional Court ruling	7 October 2008	People's Power Party
	Chaovarat Chanweerakul (1936-) (Acting)	-	2 December 2008	Royal Command	17 December 2008	Resigned: with the appointment of Abhisit Vejjajiva	No Policy Statement	People's Power Party
27	Abhisit Vejjajiva (1964-)	59	17 December 2008	House of Representatives Resolution	-	-	30 December 2008	Democrat Party

[edit] See also

• Prime Minister of Thailand

[edit] External links

• Official Website
• List of Prime Ministers of Thailand
• History of Thai Prime Ministers, a detailed list of Prime Ministers

[show]v · d · e Prime Ministers of Thailand (List)

[show]v · d · eCabinets of Thailand since 1932 by Prime Ministers

[show]v · d · eLeaders of present-day Southeast Asian countries

Categories: Lists of prime ministers | Prime Ministers of Thailand | Thailand-related lists

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NAYOK RATAMONTRI PRATAETHAI( PRIME MINISTER THAILAND).

Prime Minister of Thailand

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Prime Minister of Thailand นายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย
Standard of the Prime Minister
Incumbent Abhisit Vejjajiva since 17 December 2008
Style	His Excellency Mr.Prime Minister
Appointer	Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) as the King of Thailand
Term length	Same as the term of the House of Representatives (4 years), no more than 8 consecutive years total
Inaugural holder	Phraya Manopakorn Nititada
Formation	Constitution of Thailand, 28 June 1932
Website	www.pm.go.th

Thailand

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Thailand

Monarchy[show]

Government[show]

National Assembly[show]

Judiciary[show]

Elections[show]

Constitution[show]

Subdivisions[show]

Related issues[show]

Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view · talk · edit

The Prime Minister of Thailand (Thai: นายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย, Na-Yok Ratha Montri Haeng Ratcha Anachak Thai) is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed since the Revolution of 1932, when the country became a constitutional monarchy.
The Prime Minister is appointed by a vote in the Thai House of Representatives by a simple majority. He is then officially sworn-in and endorsed by the King of Thailand. His selection is usually based on the fact that he is either the leader of the largest political party in the lower house or the leader of the largest coalition of parties. In accordance with the constitution, the Prime Minister can only be appointed twice and is therefore limited to a maximum of two consecutive terms. The current incumbent is Abhisit Vejjajiva, leader of the Democrat Party. He has held the position since 17 December 2008.^[1]

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Appointment 3 Function 4 Office and Residence 5 Deputy Prime Minister 6 List of Prime Ministers 6.1 Living former Prime Ministers 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit] History

The office of the "President of the People’s Committee" (ประธานคณะกรรมการราษฎร), later changed to "Prime Minister of Siam" (นายกรัฐมนตรี), was first created in the Temporary Constitution of 1932. The office was modeled after the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, as Siam became a parliamentary democracy in 1932 after a bloodless revolution. However the idea of a separate head of government in Thailand is not new.
Prior to 1932 Thailand was ruled by absolute monarchs, who acted as both the head of state and the government. However during the middle and latter reigns of the Chakri Dynasty several individuals were perceived to hold a post equivalent to a head of government. During the reign of King Mongkut: Somdet Chao Phraya Si Suriyawongse, had a very significant role in an otherwise absolutist system. During the reign of King Chulalongkorn, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab took over this role. In fact the office most considered the precursor of that of the Prime Minister was the ancient office of Samuha Na Yok (สมุหนายก), which was ran by an Akra Maha Senabodi (อัครมหาเสนาบดี) or Chief Minister in charge of civilian affairs.
The first Prime Minister of Siam was Phraya Manopakorn Nititada a civil servant and lawyer. The title of the office changed from "Prime Minister of Siam" to "Prime Minister of Thailand" in 1945 and then permanently with the renaming of Siam to Thailand in 1949. For most of its existence the office has been occupied by Army leaders; fifteen out of twenty-seven. Beginning with the country's second Prime Minister: Phot Phahonyothin, who ousted his predecessor in a coup in 1933. The longest serving Prime Minister was Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram at 14 years, 11 months and 18 days. The shortest was Tawee Boonyaket at only just 18 days.^[2] Nine were removed by coups d'état, two were disqualified by court order, and eleven resigned from office. The youngest ever to occupy office was M.R. Seni Pramoj at 40 years old. Every Prime Minister since Phraya Manopakorn Nititada has been Buddhist.

[edit] Appointment

The Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand must be a member of the House of Representatives of Thailand.^[3] Therefore the qualifications for the office is the same as the qualifications for the House.
To be appointed the nominee for the office must have the support of one-fifth of the members of the House of Representatives. Then after a simple-majority vote in the House, a resolution will be passed and submitted to the King of Thailand, who will then make a formal appointment by giving his royal assent to the resolution. This must be done within thirty days of the beginning of the first session of the House of Representatives after an election. If no candidate can be found within this time then it is the duty of the President of the National Assembly of Thailand to submit the name he considers most worthy for the King to formalize.
The nominee and eventual Prime Minister is always the leader of the largest political party in the lower house or the leader of the majority coalition formed after an election.

Office	Name	Party	Vote in House	Appointment	Current end
Prime Minister	Abhisit Vejjajiva	Democrat Party	15 December 2008	17 December 2008	17 December 2016

[edit] Function

The Prime Minister is the de facto chairman of the Cabinet of Thailand. The appointment and removal of Ministers can only be made with his advice. As the leader of the government the Prime Minister is therefore ultimately responsible for the failings and performance of his Ministers and the government as a whole. The Prime Minister cannot hold office for a consecutive period of more than eight years. As the most visible member of the government the Prime Minister represent the country abroad as well as the main spokesperson for the government at home. The Prime Minister must, under the constitution, lead the Cabinet in announcing the government's policy statement in front of a joint-session of the National Assembly, within fifteen days of being sworn-in.^[4]
The Prime Minister is also directly responsible for many departments, these include: the National Intelligence Agency, the Bureau of the Budget, the Office of the National Security Council, the Office of the Council of State, the Office of the Civil Service Commission, the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board, the Office of Public Sector Development Commission and the Internal Security Operations Command. Legislatively all money bills introduced in the National Assembly must require the Prime Minister's approval.
The Prime Minister can be removed by a vote of no confidence. This process can be evoked, firstly with the vote of only one-fifth of the members of the House of Representatives for a debate on the matter. Then after the debate a vote will be taken and with a simple majority the Prime Minister can be removed. This process cannot be repeated within one parliamentary session.

[edit] Office and Residence

The Prime Minister is aided in his work by the Office of the Prime Minister (สำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี) a Cabinet level Department headed usually by two Minister of State. These offices are housed in the Government House of Thailand (ทำเนียบรัฐบาล) in the Dusit area of Bangkok.
The official residence of the Prime Minister is Baan Phitsanulok (บ้านพิษณุโลก) or Phitsanulok House, also at the center of Bangkok. The house was built during the reign of King Vajiravudh, it became an official place of residence in 1979. The House is however rumored to have many ghosts, therefore most Prime Ministers live at their own private residences and only use the house for official business.

[edit] Deputy Prime Minister

Several Deputy Prime Ministers of Thailand (รองนายกรัฐมนตรี) can be appointed. This position can be combined with other ministerial portfolios.

Office	Name	Party	Appointment
Deputy Prime Minister	Trirong Suwankeeree	Democrat Party	22 December 2008
Deputy Prime Minister	Sanan Kajornprasart	Chart Thai Pattana	22 December 2008

[edit] List of Prime Ministers

The Standard of the Prime Minister of Thailand

Main article: List of Prime Ministers of Thailand

[edit] Living former Prime Ministers

• Thanin Kraivichien
• Prem Tinsulanond
• Anand Panyarachun
• Suchinda Kraprayoon
• Chuan Leekpai
• Banharn Silpa-archa
• Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
• Thaksin Shinawatra
• Surayud Chulanont
• Somchai Wongsawat

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Prime Ministers of Thailand

• Government of Thailand
• Constitution of Thailand
• List of Prime Ministers of Thailand
• Abhisit Vejjajiva

[edit] References

1. ^ "Thai king endorses new PM Abhisit". BBC News. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
2. ^ "ที่สุด! ที่สุด! ของนายกรัฐมนตรี และคณะรัฐมนตรีไทย" (in Thai). Retrieved 2008-12-21.
3. ^ 2007 Constitution of Thailand
4. ^ "Thai PM speech off amid protests". BBC News. 29 December 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.

[edit] External links

• Official Website
• List of Prime Ministers of Thailand
• History of Thai Prime Ministers, a detailed list of Prime Ministers

[show]v · d · e Prime Ministers of Thailand (List)

[show]v · d · eCabinets of Thailand since 1932 by Prime Ministers

[show]v · d · eCabinet Ministries and Independent agencies of the Government of Thailand

[show]v · d · eLeaders of present-day Southeast Asian countries

Categories: Prime Ministers of Thailand | Government of Thailand | Politics of Thailand

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SEJARAH PERKIHIDMATAN BOMBA MALAYSIA.

ebelum tahun 1934 lagi Balai Bomba Alor Star telah pun wujud dan beroperasi dengankeanggotaan seramai 4 orang Fireman. Pada masa itu Balai Bomba merupakan sebuah garaj dan sebuah Land Rover bersama trailer bertempat di Pejabat Tanah Negeri Kedah sekarang ini iaitu berhampiran dengan Balai Besar.

Di dalam tahun 1939 dipercayai Balai Bomba telah dipindahkan ke bangunan yang ada sekarang ini di Jalan Raja, Alor Setar. Bangunan tersebut yang mempunyai ruang jentera, pejabat dan 2 unit kuarters. Sebelum ini bangunan tersebut digunakan oleh Polis, Bahagian Trafik disediakan dengan kemudahan Bilik Kawalan dengan satu talian telefon bernombor 221 bagi panggilan kecemasan dan biasa.

Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua pada tahun 1941 Balai Bomba berkenaan masih di tempat yang sama. Bantuan keanggotaan dan pengawasan adalah dibawah Polis Alor Setar. Pada masa ini sebanyak 2 buah jentera Bomba iaitu sebuah jentera jenis Dennis No. K 2209 dan sebuah jentera water tender 500 gelen bernombor K 8437. Semasa Malayan Union dalam tahun 1946 Balai ini mempunyai keanggotaan seramai 4 orang Fireman dan seorang pemandu iaitu Encik Yaakob bin Lebai Amin dengan diketuai oleh Leading Fireman Encik Abu Bakar bin Haji Saad yang juga menjalankan tugas pemandu.

Di dalam tahun 1949, Perkhidmatan Bomba telah diletakkan di bawah Pentadbiran “Town Board” di mana Balai Bomba Alor Setar telah tertakluk di bawah bidang kuasa Majlis Daerah Alor Setar dimana “Chairman” Town Board adalah berkuasa penuh kepada Perkhidmatan Bomba ini.



Pada tahun 1951, jawatan “Station Officer” diwujudkan dan Encik Kassim bin Mansor yang berpangkat “Superintendent” telah menjawat jawatan tersebut. “Station Officer” bukan sahaja bertanggunjawab kepada Balai Bomba Alor Setar malah dipertanggungjawabkan sebagai Penyelia Perkhidmatan Bomba Negeri Kedah. Pada masa ini keanggotaan telah bertambah mempunyai 3 orang leading fireman iaitu Encik Yaakob, Encik Ghaffar dan Tuan Syed Zain dan terdapat seramai 15 orang fireman.

Bagi menampung keperluan keanggotaan ini, maka pada penghujung tahun 1952 penambahan 3 blok quarters (quarters sekarang) telah didirikan dengan pendaftaran PWD 129, PWD 564 dan PWD 565.

Pada tahun 1958 sebuah jentera baru jenis Bedford No. K 5281, 500 gelen telah dibekalkan bagi menggantikan jentera Bedford yang sediada yang telah rosak.

Di dalam tahun 1961 Balai ini telah mendapatkan penambahan sebuah jentera dari jenis Wheel Escape Ledder (KA 1681) diikuti pula pada tahun 1964 gantian sebuah lagi jentera baru jenis Bedford No. KA 5603. Sepanjang perkhidmatan ini beberapa kebakaran besar telah berlaku di antaranya pada tahun 1951, sebahagian dari Pekan Kuala Kedah telah musnah dan diikuti pula pada tahun 1969 sekali lagi kebakaran berlaku di mana hampir keseluruhan Pekan Kuala Kedah telah musnah.


Di dalam tahun yang sama juga, kebakaran di “ Pekan Cowboy” Alor Setar telah memusnahkan sebanyak lebih kurang 112 buah rumah kedai. Selepas Penyatuan Jabatan Perkhidmatan Bomba dan pada tahun 1977 Encik Kassim bin Mansor telah tamat perkhidmatannya dan tempat beliau telah digantikan oleh Encik Abd Majid bin Othman.

Sehingga ke hari ini Balai Bomba Alor Setar telah mempunyai 3 jentera bomba jenis water tender 400 gelen, sebuah jentera penyelamat dan sebuah jentera Skylift. Keanggotaannya seramai 127 orang diketuai oleh Penguasa Bomba.

BALAI BOMBA DAN PENYELAMAT.

alai Bomba Dan Penyelamat Alor Star

Balai Bomba Dan Penyelamat Alor Star

MENYINGKAP TADBIR SEJARAH BALAI BOMBA ALOR SETAR

Sebelum tahun 1934 lagi Balai Bomba Alor Star telah pun wujud dan beroperasi dengan keanggotaan seramai 4 orang Fireman. Pada masa itu Balai Bomba merupakan sebuah garaj dan sebuah Land Rover bersama trailer bertempat di Pejabat Tanah Negeri Kedah sekarang ini iaitu berhampiran dengan Balai Besar.

Di dalam tahun 1939 dipercayai Balai Bomba telah dipindahkan ke bangunan yang ada sekarang ini di Jalan Raja, Alor Setar. Bangunan tersebut yang mempunyai ruang jentera, pejabat dan 2 unit kuarters. Sebelum ini bangunan tersebut digunakan oleh Polis, Bahagian Trafik disediakan dengan kemudahan Bilik Kawalan dengan satu talian telefon bernombor 221 bagi panggilan kecemasan dan biasa.
Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua pada tahun 1941 Balai Bomba berkenaan masih di tempat yang sama. Bantuan keanggotaan dan pengawasan adalah dibawah Polis Alor Setar.

Pada masa ini sebanyak 2 buah jentera Bomba iaitu sebuah jentera jenis Dennis No. K 2209 dan sebuah jentera water tender 500 gelen bernombor K 8437.

Semasa Malayan Union dalam tahun 1946 Balai ini mempunyai keanggotaan seramai 4 orang Fireman dan seorang pemandu iaitu Encik Yaakob bin Lebai Amin dengan diketuai oleh Leading Fireman Encik Abu Bakar bin Haji Saad yang juga menjalankan tugas pemandu.
Didalam tahun 1949, Perkhidmatan Bomba telah diletakkan di bawah Pentadbiran “Town Board” di mana Balai Bomba Alor Setar telah tertakluk di bawah bidang kuasa Majlis Daerah Alor Setar dimana “Chairman” Town Board adalah berkuasa penuh kepada Perkhidmatan Bomba ini.
Pada tahun 1951, jawatan “Station Officer” diwujudkan dan Encik Kassim bin Mansor yang berpangkat “Superintendent” telah menjawat jawatan tersebut.

“Station Officer” bukan sahaja bertanggunjawab kepada Balai Bomba Alor Setar malah dipertanggungjawabkan sebagai Penyelia Perkhidmatan Bomba Negeri Kedah. Pada masa ini keanggotaan telah bertambah mempunyai 3 orang leading fireman iaitu Encik Yaakob, Encik Ghaffar dan Tuan Syed Zain dan terdapat seramai 15 orang fireman.

Bagi menampung keperluan keanggotaan ini, maka pada penghujung tahun 1952 penambahan 3 blok quarters (quarters sekarang) telah didirikan dengan pendaftaran PWD 129, PWD 564 dan PWD 565.

Pada tahun 1958 sebuah jentera baru jenis Bedford No. K 5281, 500 gelen telah dibekalkan bagi menggantikan jentera Bedford yang sediada yang telah rosak.

Di dalam tahun  1961 Balai ini telah mendapatkan penambahan sebuah jentera dari jenis Wheel Escape Ledder (KA 1681) diikuti pula pada tahun 1964 gantian sebuah lagi jentera baru jenis Bedford No. KA 5603.

Sepanjang Perkhidmatan ini beberapa kebakaran besar telah berlaku di antaranya pada tahun 1951, sebahagian dari Pekan Kuala Kedah telah musnah dan diikuti pula pada tahun 1969 sekali lagi kebakaran berlaku di mana hampir keseluruhan Pekan Kuala Kedah telah musnah.

Di dalam tahun yang sama juga, kebakaran di “ Pekan Cowboy” Alor Setar telah memusnahkan sebanyak lebih kurang 112 buah rumah kedai.
Selepas Penyatuan Jabatan Perkhidmatan Bomba dan pada tahun 1977 Encik Kassim bin Mansor telah tamat perkhidmatannya dan tempat beliau telah digantikan oleh Encik Abd Majid bin Othman.

Sehingga ke hari ini Balai Bomba Alor Setar telah mempunyai 3 jentera bomba jenis water tender 400 gelen, sebuah jentera penyelamat dan sebuah jentera Skylift. Keanggotaannya seramai 127 orang diketuai oleh Penguasa Bomba.

SEJARAH PERKIHIDMATAN BOMBA MALAYSIA.

Perkhidmatan Bomba Malaysia bermula pada tahu 1883 dengan penubuhan Bomba sukarela Negeri Selangor yang diketuai oleh H.F Bellamy bersama 15 anggota. Pasukan ini yang diletakkan dibawah Lembaga Kebersihan telah menjadi Pasukan Bomba dan Penyelamat Tetap pada tahun 1895. Perkhidmatan terus berkembang di setiap negeri dan dilelakkan dibawah Majlis Perbandaran atau Lembaga Luar Bandar. Pada tahun 1946, iaitu selepas perang Dunia Kedua, pasukan 'Malayan Union Fire Services' telah dibentuk. MUS beribu pejabat di Kuala Lumpur.

Melalui perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, Perkhidmatan Bomba diserahkan kembali kepada kerajaan-kerajaan negeri dibawah pentadbiran Lembaga Bandaran dan Lembaga Luar Bandar mengikut negeri masing-masing. Untuk menyelaraaskan perkhidmatan Bomba ditubuhkan dibawah Kementerian Pembangunan dan Kerajaan Tempatan.

 

Perkhidmatan Bomba Malaysia disatukan sebagai sebuah jabatan diperingkat persekutuan dan penyatuan Bomba dan Penyelamat di Negeri-negeri Persekutuan pada 1hb Januari 1976. Penyatuan ini meletakkan Perkhidmatan Bomba Malaysia dibawah Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan. Ini diikuti oleh perkhidmatan Bomba Pulau Pinang, Kuala Lumpur dan Melaka pada 1hb Januari 1977. Pada 15hb Mei 1981, perkhidmatan Bomba Sabah dan Sarawak telah disatukan.

Pada 8hb Januari 1977, Jemaah Menteri telah bersetuju perubahan nama Jabatan Perkhidmatan Bomba Malaysia kepada Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat, Malaysia dimana pada 21hb Febuari 1997, YAB Perdana Menteri Malaysia dengan rasminya telah mengumumkan dan melancarkan pertukaran nama, logo dan bendera Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat, Malaysia di Genting Highlands.

MANSUHKAN UJIAN BERTULIS UNTUK GDL .

Saya sebagai rakyat malaysia yang berketurunan thai malaysia memberi cadangan saya kepada kerajaan malaysia supaya memansuhkan ujian bertulis bagi yang mengambil lesen GDL tidak kira sama ada PSV atau GDL.Saya juga berharap kepada kerajaan malaysia dapat memansuhkan ujian bertulis.Bagi pandangan saya kebanyakkan pada zaman dulu tidak mempunyai ujian bertulis sama lesen E boleh di gunakan semua kenderaan berat tidak kiralah sama ada lori bersendi,bas,lori dan lain-lain.Sebenarnya kerajaan malaysia hanya menyusahkan rakyat serta kerajaan malaysia hanya mata duitan kepada rakyat.saya bukan hendak kutuk tapi cara kerajaan malaysia buat tidak relevan.Bagi pandangan saya kerajaan malaysia harus membuat seperti dulu lesen E boleh di gunakan semua kenderaan berat.saya berharap agar kerajaan dapat memahami suara rakyat satu malaysia.

THAI AND CAMBODIA WAT TEMPLE PHREAH

BANGKOK — Thai and Cambodian military commanders agreed on a cease-fire Thursday after seven days of fighting that took at least 15 lives and displaced tens of thousands of civilians, the Cambodian government announced Thursday.
However, the Thai Army spokesman, Col. Sansern Kaewkamnerd, said no official deal had been reached. Some Thai officers were quoted as saying they would wait overnight to assess the situation.
The fighting over the past week focused on two ancient stone temples about 160 kilometers, or 100 miles, west of the Preah Vihear temple, where a dispute over territory has caused armed clashes since Unesco awarded it World Heritage status under Cambodian administration in 2008. The World Court ruled in 1962 that Preah Vihear belonged to Cambodia. Both sides lay claim to a 4.6-square-kilometer, or 1.7-square-mile, area next to the temple.
The cause of the latest round of fighting was unclear, and each side has blamed the other for starting and prolonging it.
As part of the cease-fire, both sides agreed to reopen a border checkpoint near the two temples, Ta Moan and Ta Krabey, that have been the scene of the recent clashes, said Phay Siphan, spokesman for the Office of the Council of Ministers of Cambodia. He also said they agreed to allow displaced people to return to their homes.
“We will abide by the cease-fire from now on, and local commanders will meet regularly to avoid misunderstanding,” he said in Phnom Penh.
The Thai regional commander, Thawatchai Samutsakorn, was quoted by Reuters as saying, “The declaration on the Cambodian side is a good sign. Let’s try to enforce it.”
The prime ministers of both nations have said they are ready to negotiate a peace agreement, but they have differed over the venue and timing of a meeting. Cambodia has sought international help in brokering a truce, but Thailand insists that the conflict is a purely bilateral matter.
While each side has accused the other of starting the battles, the conflict has been connected from the start with the long-running political crisis in Thailand, with nationalists accusing the government of failing to protect Thai territory.
The latest engagement, some analysts say, reflects the agendas and ambitions of the politicized Thai military, seeking to assert its influence and leverage in advance of a parliamentary election expected in June or July.
“It’s a good way for the military to take a powerful position in politics,” said Pavin Chachavalpongpun, an specialist on Thailand at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore.
The election is likely to bring renewed tensions to political conflicts that flared into violence a year ago, when the so-called red shirt protesters attempted to unseat the government. Their prolonged protests were crushed last May by the military in street battles in which about 90 people were killed.
The Thai military staged a coup in 2006 and has played a powerful role behind the scenes since civilian rule was restored in 2007. In the coming election, a military-backed government led by the Democrat Party is being challenged by parties broadly aligned with the red shirt opposition.
The Thai foreign minister, Kasit Piromya, headed to Jakarta on Thursday to discuss the clashes with Marty Natalegawa, the foreign minister of Indonesia, which holds the annual chairmanship of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and has offered to mediate. The Thai military has rejected an offer by Indonesia to provide military observers to keep the peace along the border.
On Wednesday, the Thai defense minister, Prawit Wongsuwan, withdrew from planned cease-fire talks with his Cambodian counterpart, Tea Banh. The reason given by a Thai Army spokesman was that news reports in Cambodia had portrayed the talks as a sign that Thailand was surrendering.
“The military is going solo,” said Mr. Pavin, the Thailand specialist. “In many ways, it shows how useless the Foreign Ministry is. Basically it has been taken over by the military.”

THAILAND RENEWS

April 25 (Bloomberg) -- Thailand renewed a call for one-on- one talks with Cambodia after three days of fighting along a disputed border killed at least 11 soldiers in some of the deadliest battles since tensions flared up in 2008.

“We need to end the border issue and we want Thailand and Cambodia to sit down and talk together,” Thai Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban told reporters in Bangkok today. “If they don’t respond, we will try to control the situation, protect our sovereignty and find ways to talk.”

Battles that began April 22 have killed five Thais and six Cambodians, according to government officials and press reports, ending two months of peace since the United Nations Security Council urged a permanent cease-fire on Feb. 14. The hostilities occurred several hundred kilometers west of clashes earlier this year near the Preah Vihear temple on the Thai-Cambodian border.

The fighting has reignited tensions along the border that escalated in 2008 after Thailand opposed Cambodia’s efforts to list Preah Vihear as a World Heritage site. Fighting in February claimed at least 10 lives and displaced 30,000 people.

Thailand has refused to accept border observers from Indonesia, which holds the rotating chairmanship of the 10- member Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa canceled planned trips today to Bangkok and Phnom Penh, the Bangkok Post reported, citing Thai government spokesman Panitan Wattanayagorn.

‘Tell the World’

“It is the Thai government that has refused to accept the presence of neutral military observers, who could tell the world the truth about any military clashes,” Cambodia’s Cabinet said in a statement yesterday. Thailand’s call for bilateral talks “have produced nothing but a screen for repeated acts of Thai military aggression” since 2008, it said.

The renewed fighting comes as Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva prepares to call an election in early May. Cambodian government spokesman Phay Siphan accused Thailand’s military of provoking the clashes to boost its popularity in the event it stages another coup.

“The Thai military is moving against us so they can say they are protecting Thai land and earn credibility from their people,” he said by phone from Phnom Penh, the capital. Cambodia has accused Thailand of using cluster munitions and poisonous gas in the fighting.

‘Incredible’ Stories

“The Cambodians are really incredible to make up a story like that,” Veerachon Sukondhadhpatipak, the Thai army’s deputy spokesman, said by phone from Bangkok. “They are always making up stories to make us look bad.”

The three days of fighting has killed five Thai soldiers and injured 28, Thai Health Minister Jurin Laksanawisit told reporters today. The battles have also killed six Cambodian troops, China’s Xinhua news agency reported, citing Suos Sothea, a commander with an artillery unit on the border.

The Southeast Asian neighbors have blamed each other for firing first in battles. Cambodia’s Defense Ministry said Thai troops were aiming to take over disputed temples, while Abhisit said Thailand wouldn’t invade its neighbors and was retaliating against Cambodian aggression.

“Our movements are in line with international rules,” Abhisit said yesterday in a weekly televised address. “In our retaliation, we attack only military points. Our retaliation will be appropriate with Cambodian attacks.”

Cluster Munitions

Cambodia accused Thailand of using cluster munitions during fighting in February, a charge verified by U.K.-based Cluster Munition Coalition, which is pushing for an international ban on the weapons that scatter ammunition over a large area upon detonation. Thailand and Cambodia aren’t among the 108 countries that have signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

In 1962, the International Court of Justice ruled in a 9-3 vote that Cambodia had sovereignty over Preah Vihear. It didn’t rule on the land surrounding the temple, and the two countries have also yet to reconcile 10,422 square miles (26,993 square kilometers) of disputed waters in the Gulf of Thailand that may contain oil and gas reserves.

Thailand’s $264 billion economy is more than 26 times the size of Cambodia’s. The Cambodian army spent $191 million in 2009, compared with $4.9 billion for the military in Thailand, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

--With assistance from Suttinee Yuvejwattana in Bangkok. Editors: Tony Jordan, Patrick Harrington

MEMPERBAIKI JALAN-JALAN YANG ROSAK.

SAYA SEBAGAI RAKYAT MALAYSIA YANG BERKETURUNAN THAI MALAYSIA MEMBERI CADANGAN SAYA KEPADA KERAJAAN MALAYSIA SUPAYA DAPAT MEMPERBAIKI JALAN ROSAK.BAGI SAYA SEKIRANYA AGUNG DATANG KE NEGERI KEDAH BANYAK JALAN YANG ELOK JIKA TIDAK JALAN DI BIARKAN TANPA  DI PERBAIKI.SAYA BERHARAP AGAR KERAJAAN MALAYSIA DAPAT MEMPERBAIKI JALAN YANG ROSAK DI SEKITAR NEGERI KEDAH.

MALAYSIA AND THAILAND BORDER

The Malaysia-Thailand border consists of both a land boundary across the Malay Peninsula and maritime boundaries in the Straits of Malacca and the Gulf of Thailand/South China Sea. Malaysia lies to the south of the border while Thailand lies to the north. The Golok River forms the easternmost 95 km stretch of the land border.




The land border is based on the 1909 treaty between Thailand, then known as Siam, and the British which started to exert its influence over the northern Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu in the early 20th century. The four states had earlier been under Siamese control. Four Malaysian states abut the border. They are (from west to east) Perlis, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan. The four Thai provinces which abut the border are (again from west to east) are Satun, Songkhla, Yala and Narathiwat.



Malaysia and Thailand have a territorial sea and continental shelf boundary agreements for the Straits of Malacca which was signed in 1979 and 1971 respectively. The 1979 agreement also included Indonesia as a signatory as it also determined the common continental shelf border tripoint for the three countries. The 1979 agreement also established the territorial sea boundary in the Gulf of Thailand while a separate memorandum of understanding signed in 1979 established a short continental shelf boundary in the area. The boundary beyond that agreed is subject to dispute because of overlapping claims over the seabed. The overlapping claims led to the establishment of a joint development area in 1990 where both countries agreed to share mineral resources in a 7,250 square km wedge-shaped area.



Contents [hide]

1 Land border

2 Maritime border

2.1 Straits of Malacca

2.2 Gulf of Thailand/South China Sea

3 History

4 Disputes

4.1 Bukit Jeli

4.2 Gulf of Thailand

5 Joint development area

6 Barrier

7 Border crossings

7.1 Road crossings

7.2 Railway crossings

7.3 Ferry crossings

7.4 Airline crossings

8 See also

9 References

10 External links





[edit] Land border



A Malaysia-Thailand boundary stone at the Bukit Kayu Hitam-Danok border crossing.From west to east, the 646.5 km Malaysia-Thailand border begins at a point which lies just north of the Perlis River estuary as defined in the schedule of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 where the western most land boundary terminus was to be at "the most seaward point of the northern bank of the estuary of the Perlis River".



The treaty then states that the border moves northward from this point to the Sayun Range, an extension of the Si Thammarat Mountains of Thailand, for about 15 miles (24km) before heading eastward along the watershed of Thailand's Lam Yai River and Malaysia's Perlis River towards the ridge of the Kedah-Singgora mountains where it moves soutwards along the ridgeline till it reaches the watershed for the Perak and Pattani Rivers.



The border then moves eastward across the northern part of Peninsula Malaysia's Main Range (Malay: Banjaran Titiwangsa) along the watershed of Malaysia's Perak River and Pergau River (in Kelantan) and Thailand's Pattani and Sai Buri Rivers until it reaches Bukit Jeli. An 8 km stretch of the border around Bukit Jeli is being disputed by both countries (see below).



From Bukit Jeli, the boundary follows the Golok River until the river mouth at Kuala Tabar, a distance of 95 km. The border follows the deepest part or thalweg of the river.[1]



[edit] Maritime border

Malaysia and Thailand share maritime borders in two segments - in the Straits of Malacca and in the Gulf of Thailand/South China Sea.



[edit] Straits of Malacca

At the western terminus of the land boundary, the 1909 Anglo-Siamese treaty determines the start of the maritime boundary as:



With regard to the islands close to the west coast, those lying to the north of the parallel of latitude where the most seaward point of the north bank of the estuary of the Perlis River (the western terminus of the Malaysia-Thailand land boundary) touches the sea shall remain to Siam, and those lying to the south of the parallel shall become British."

The island known as Pule Langkawi, together with all the islets south of the mid-channel between Terutau and Langkawi, and all the islands south of Langkawi shall become British. Terutau and the islets to the north of mid-channel shall remain to Siam.

The territorial sea boundary agreement between the two countries signed on 24 October 1979[2] determined the mid-channel point between Langkawi and Tarutao to be at 6°28′30″N 99°39′12″E / 6.475°N 99.65333°E / 6.475; 99.65333 which was made the eastern starting point of the territorial sea boundary. Both countries also have a continental shelf boundary agreement for this segment of their maritime boundary. The agreement, signed 21 December 1978, included Indonesia as a signatory to enable the establishment of the common tripoint at 5°57′0″N 98°1′30″E / 5.95°N 98.025°E / 5.95; 98.025[3]



Point Latitude (N) Longtitude (E) Remarks

Territorial sea border end and turning points

1 6° 28'.5 99° 39'.2

2 6° 30'.2 99° 33'.4

3 6° 28'.9 99° 30'.7

4 6° 18'.4 99° 27'.5

Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand common point

CP 5° 57'.0 98° 1'.5 The border is a straight line connecting the common point with Point 1 below

Outer limit border turning point coordinates[2]

1 6° 18'.0 99° 6'.7 The border connects to the common point above via a straight line

2 6° 16'.3 99° 19'.3

3 6° 18'.4 99° 27'.5 This point is the same as Point 4 of the territorial sea border



[edit] Gulf of Thailand/South China Sea

Agreements



The 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty states that the maritime boundary between the two countries as follows:



"All islands adjacent to the eastern States of Kelantan and Tringganu, south of the parallel of latitude drawn from the point where the Sungei Golok reaches the coast at a place called Kuala Tabar, shall be transferred to Great Britain, and all islands to the north of that parallel shall remain to Siam."

Subsequently, the two governments signed several agreements over their common maritime boundary in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. The 1973 continental shelf boundary agreement between the two governments only covered the Straits of Malacca segment and did not cover the border in the Gulf of Thailand but on 24 October 1979, an agreement[2] and a memorandum of understanding[4] were signed to determine the common maritime boundary of the two countries in the Gulf of Thailand. The first agreement established the territorial sea boundary from the mouth of the Golok River at 6°14′30″N 102°5′36″E / 6.24167°N 102.09333°E / 6.24167; 102.09333 to 6°27′30″N 102°10′0″E / 6.45833°N 102.166667°E / 6.45833; 102.166667. The MOU established the continental shelf boundary from the northern end-point to 6°50′0″N 102°21′12″E / 6.833333°N 102.35333°E / 6.833333; 102.35333 with one turning point in between.



The boundary beyond the northern end-point is subject to dispute (see Disputes section below). However, both countries have come to an agreement to put aside the border dispute and allow for the joint exploitation of natural resources of the disputed area. The two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Joint Authority for the Exploitation of the Resources of the Sea-Bed in a Defined Area of the Continental Shelf of the Two Countries in the Gulf of Thailand on 21 February 1979, followed by an Agreement on the Constitution and Other Matters Relating to the Establishment of the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority on 30 May 1990 establishing a joint development area (JDA). Both agreements do not settle disputed maritime border and sovereignty issue of the disputed area and the countries continue staking their overlapping continental shelf claims.



Malaysia's 1979 map and Thailand's EEZ proclamation



In December 1979 just after the two countries signed the MOU on the joint development area, Malaysia published a map[5] showing its territorial sea and continental shelf and continued to assert its sovereignty over the entire joint development area. Malaysia's continental shelf boundary on the map corresponds with the western and northern limit of the joint development area.



On 16 February 1988, Thailand issued a Royal Proclamation to establish its exclusive economic zone boundary with Malaysia, establishing the limits of its claims in the disputed area. The boundary follows the eastern boundary of the Joint Devevelopment Area.[6]



A small triangle in the northern portion of the joint development area is also subjected to an overlapping claim by Vietnam. In 1999, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam agreed to apply the joint development principles for this area. See section below.



Point Latitude (N) Longtitude (E) Remarks

Territorial sea border end and turning points

1 6° 14'.5 102° 5'.6

2 6° 27'.5 102° 10'.0

Continental shelf border end and turning points

1 6° 27'.5 102° 10'.0 Same point as northern terminus of the territorial sea border, also Point 47 on Malaysia's 1979 continental shelf claim map

2 6° 27'.8 102° 9'.6 Same as Point 46 on Malaysia's 1979 continental shelf claim map

3 6° 50'.0 102° 21'.2 Same as Point 45 on Malaysia's 1979 continental shelf claim map

Continental shelf border end and turning points claimed by Malaysia

45 06° 50'.0 102° 21'.2 Same point as the northern terminus of the agreed continental shelf border; also Point A of Joint Development Area.

44 07° 10'.25 102° 29'.0 Same as Point B of Joint Development Area

43 07° 49'.0 103° 02'.5 Same as Point C of Joint Development Area

Exclusive economic zone border end and turning points claimed by Thailand

1 6° 14'.5 102° 5'.6 Southern terminus of territorial sea boundary

2 6° 27'.5 102° 10'.0 Northern terminus of territorial sea boundary and southern terminus of agreed continental shelf border; same as Point 47 on Malaysia's 1979 map

3 6° 27'.8 102° 9'.6 Same as Point 46 on Malaysia's 1979 map

4 06° 50'.0 102° 21'.2 Northern terminus of the agreed continental shelf border; same as Point 45 on Malaysia's 1979 map; also Point A of Joint Development Area.

5 06° 53'.0 102° 34'.0 Same as Point G of Joint Development Area

6 07° 03'.0 103° 06'.0 Same as Point F of Joint Development Area

7 07°20'.0 103° 39'.0 Same as Point E of Joint Development Area

8 07° 22'.0 103° 42'.5 Same as Point D of Joint Development Area, located on Malaysia's continental shelf border between Point 43 and Point 42 on 1979 map



[edit] History

The border between Thailand or Siam and the sultanates of the Malay Peninsular (Peninsula Malaysia today) has varied throughout history according to the influence the kingdom over the sultanates. The southern part of Siam has always been populated by Malays and traditional Malay sultanates of Kedah (of which Perlis was part), Kelantan, Pattani (which consist of the areas of Singgora, Yala, Ligor and Setul) and Terengganu came under Siamese suzerainty in the 19th century. The Malay states to immediately to the south, namely Perak and Pahang were independent sultanates until the British started asserting influence over them in the late 1800s. The frontier between the states were largely vague and not well defined.



In 1785, the British obtained the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah. The channel between the island and the mainland of Peninsula Malaysia became the border between British territory and Kedah, and therefore Siamese, territory.



On 6 May 1869, Great Britain and Siam signed an agreement known as the Bangkok Treaty of 1869 where Siam ceded a piece of territory on the mainland opposite Penang to Great Britain. The territory became known as Province Wellesley (known as Seberang Perai today). The treaty also defined the border between British and Siamese territory and this border remains the boundary line between Penang and Kedah today, although both are now constituent states of Malaysia.



On 9 July 1909, Great Britain and Siam signed another agreement in Bangkok. Known as the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, the agreement ceded the states of Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu to Great Britain while Pattani remained in Siamese hands. The treaty, in one of its four annexes, defined the border between British and Siamese territories. This border ultimately became today's border between Malaysia and Thailand.



Thailand regained control of the Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu during World War II when the Japanese handed them over to the kingdom, thus moving the Malay States-Siamese border southwards again. However, the states were returned to the British at the end of the war.[7]



[edit] Disputes

There are two stretches of the Malaysia-Thailand border which is subject to dispute. The first involves the land border in the Bukit Jeli (Jeli Hill) at the headwaters of thye Golok River and the second involves the continental shelf boundary in the Gulf of Thailand. Both disputes have not resulted in any aggression between the two countries.



[edit] Bukit Jeli

The alignment of an 8.5 km stretch of the land border in the area known as Bukit Jeli (Jeli Hill) near the headwaters of the Golok River is currently being disputed by both countries. The resulting disputed territory has an area of 42 hectares. Negotiations to resolve the dispute through the joint subcommittee on cooperation along the border is on-going. The dispute arose in the 1990s when demarcation work for the land border almost reached completion. Malaysia's former Foreign Minister Syed Hamid Albar was quoted as saying that the failure was because of the inability to reach a consensus over a formula to solve the dispute. He said problems arose because the geographical features as described in border protocol of the 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty had changed.[8]



[edit] Gulf of Thailand

The dispute over the continental shelf boundary between Malaysia and Thailand arises from the different baselines for Thailand which the two countries adopt in calculating the equidistant line for boundary. Thailand's proclaimed baseline runs from the terminus at Kuala Tabar (the eastern terminus of the Malaysia-Thailand land border as defined by the 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty) northwards to Ko Losin islet and then northwestwards to Ko Kra. Malaysia however does not regard Ko Losin as valid baseline point and calculates the equidistant line on a baseline running along the shore.[9]



While both countries have agreed on 24 October 1979[10] on their maritime boundary for this area running 29 nautical miles (54 km) out to sea, the boundary beyond the northeastern terminus of the territorial sea is subject to dispute. Malaysia's continental shelf boundary extends from the terminus at coordinate 07° 49' N, 103° 02' 30" E which corresponds to Point 43 in a 1979 map published by Malaysia denoting its territorial sea and continental shelf. Thailand claims its continental shelf boundary extends from the terminus to coordinate 07° 22'.0 N, 103° 42' 30" E. A small slice of the disputed area is also subjected to a claim by Vietnam.



As a temporary solution to the dispute, Malaysia and Thailand on 21 February 1979 signed a memorandum of understanding to create a 7,250 km square joint development area encompassing the entire disputed area. This was later followed by an agreement on 30 May 1990. The agreement allows for joint exploitation and benefit of natural resources in the joint development area. In 1999, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam reached an agreement based on the principal of joint development for the area where the three countries have overlapping claims. All the agreements specifically state that they do not compromise each country's sovereignty claim over the disputed area. [9] See section below for more on the joint development area.



[edit] Joint development area

The Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area is a 7,250 km square area in the Gulf of Thailand which was created as an interim measure to deal with the overlapping claims of the continental shelf between the two countries. The formula allows for both countries to share the non-living natural resources from the area on a 50:50 basis. It however does not extinguish the sovereignty claims by both countries over the area.



Point Latitude (N) Longtitude (E) Remarks

Joint Development Area boundary turning points

A 6° 50'.0 102° 21'.2 Northern terminus of agreed continental shelf border; Point 45 on Malaysia's 1979 map; Point 4 of Thailand's EEZ border

B 7° 10'.25 102° 29'.0 Same as Point 44 on Malaysia's 1979 map

C 7° 49'.0 103° 02'.5 Same as Point 43 on Malaysia's 1979 map; Point C (eastern terminus) of the agreed Thailand-Vietnam continental shelf boundary.

D 7° 22'.0 103° 42'.5 Same as Point 8 of Thailand's EEZ border; located on Malaysia's continental shelf boundary between Point 43 and Point 42 in the 1979 map.

E 7° 20'.0 103° 39'.0 Same as Point 7 of Thailand's EEZ border

F 7° 03'.0 103° 39'.0 Same as Point 6 of Thailand's EEZ border

G 6° 53'.0 102° 34'.0 Same as Point 5 of Thailand's EEZ border

Coordinates of area within the joint development area claimed by Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam

1 7° 48'.0 103° 02'.5 Same as Point C of the Malaysia-Thailand JDA boundary; Point 43 on Malaysia's 1979 map; and Point C (eastern terminus) of the agreed Thailand-Vietnam continental shelf boundary.

2 7° 22'.0 103° 42'.5 Same as Point D of the Malaysia-Thailand JDA

3 7° 20'.0 103° 39'.0 Same as Point E of the Malaysia-Thailand JDA; same as Point B of the Malaysia-Vietnam joint development defined area boundary.

4 7° 18'.31 103° 35'.71 Located along the south-eastern border of the Malaysia-Thailand JDA between Point E and Point F; same as Point C of the Malaysia-Vietnam joint development defined area boundary. The boundary then continues back to Point 1.



Malaysia's continental shelf limit claim is from Point A to Point C via Point B and thence to Point G while Thailand's Exclusive Economic Zone claim limit is from Point A to Point G through Points D, E, and F. It has not delimited its continental shelf limits beyond Point G.



See the Malaysia-Thailand joint development area page for more details.



[edit] Barrier

In the 1970s, both Malaysia and Thailand constructed walls along their common border, mostly in Perlis/Satun and Perlis/Songkhla as well as Kedah/Songkhla portions of the border to curb smuggling. The walls were of concrete, steel and topped barbed wire as well as iron fencing at other stretches. As both countries constructed their own walls a little into their own territory, a strip of "no-man's-land" about 10m wide was created and this strip of land became a convenient refuge for smugglers (not all smuggling was deterred by the wall) and drug runners.



In 2001, the two countries agreed to construct just one wall along the border which would be located just inside Thai territory. The new border wall is 2.5m high and made up of a concrete lower half and steel fencing on the upper half. At the base, barbed wire runs along the length of the wall.[11]



While the stated reason for the construction of the wall has been to curb smuggling and encroachment, security reasons - earlier in the 1970s and 1980s resulting from Malaysian communist groups and groups involved in the South Thailand insurgency in the late 1990s and early 2000s - have also been a major push for the barrier to be constructed.



[edit] Border crossings

[edit] Road crossings



Customs checkpoint at Rantau Panjang, KelantanThe following list names the Malaysian town/immigration post followed the Thai town or post.



Wang Kelian/perlis - Wang Prachan/satun

Padang Besar/perlis - Padang Besar (Songkhla)

Bukit Kayu Hitam/kedah - ban danok/Sadao/songkhla

Pengkalan Hulu/perak (previously known as Keroh) - Betong/yala

Bukit Bunga/jeli/kelantan - Ban Buketa/weng/narathiwat

Rantau Panjang/kelantan - Sungai Golok/narathiwat

Durian Burung/from kuala nerang + alor setar/kedah - Ban Prakob/na thawi/songkhla









Bukit Kayu Hitam check point

Betong, Thailand checkpoint

[edit] Railway crossings

There are two rail crossings along the Malaysian-Thai border.



Padang Besar-Padang Besar (Songkhla): Both the Malaysian and Thai towns where the crossing is located are known by the same name. This crossing connects to Malaysia's West Coast trunk line and Thailand's main southern line to Bangkok via Hat Yai. Both Malaysian and Thai customs, immigration and quarantine formalities are conducted at Malaysia's Padang Besar railway station.

Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok: On the Malaysian side, this bridge crossing is on a branch line which is connected to Malaysia's East Coast line. In Thailand, the crossing is connected to the Sungai Golok branch line which links up with the main southern line at Hat Yai.